教案, 指來自西方的基督教, 天主教, 東正教教會在中國境內發生的沖突事件. 據中國官方統計, 從1840至1900年, 中國各地共發生教案400餘起(教案 維基百科 自由的百科全書). 更進一步的說, 教案的發生是由群眾與西方傳教士及教民發生沖突, 而讓西方各國有個藉口對中國施加壓力, 甚至動武. 也因此, 滿清政府與西方各國簽訂了許多不平等條約. 至此, 群眾不分皂白, 把西方帝國主義者等同於基督教或天主教而一概反對.
說到教案, 不得不從第一次鴉片戰爭說起. 當時在歐洲發生工業革命, 以前流行的手工業, 如今改為機器生, 且生產品數量增加. 出現供過於求的現像, 故急須尋求新的市場, 而中國成為西方各國的目標. 但中國的滿清政府卻實行 “ 關閉政策”, 僅開於廣州一個港口作為通商之用, 且對外國人加於限制.
當時英國人經商是以白銀交換的, 貿易出現負差. 後來英國人想到一個辦法, 即大量向中國輸入鴉片. 滿清政府鑒於鴉片危害人民, 下令禁止鴉片入口. 但英國人卻不遵守滿清政府的禁令, 終於爆發了第一次鴉片戰爭. 1840年, 英軍進攻廣州, 接着北上 到達白河口. 道光帝一心求和, 下令撤了林則徐的職位, 並先後派琦善, 奕山為欽差大臣與英軍交涉, 和英國簽訂 “ 廣州條約”, 答應將英軍撤出廣州, 並給英國賠償. 但英國仍不可罷休, 先後攻佔定海, 鎮海. 1842年, 英軍攻佔吳淞口, 不久鎮江市失守. 滿清政府投降. 1842年7月, 中英在英艦 “皋華麗” 號上簽了 “南京條約”.
“ 南京條約” 其中一款為五口通商, 滿清政府開放廣州, 福州, 廈門, 寧波, 上海五處通商口岸, 准許英國派駐領事, 准許英商及其家屬自由居住.
1844年7月3日, 美國趁火打竊, 派專使顧盛到中國,威逼滿清政府簽訂 “望廈條約”. 條約共34款, 其中一款為美國可以在中國通商口岸租地建樓, 設立醫院, 教堂等.
1844年8月14日, 法國公使拉萼尼,帶8餿兵船到澳以武力示威. 10月24日, 兩國政府在法國兵船 “阿吉默特” 簽訂 “黃埔條約”. 此條約共36款, 其中一款為法國享有領事裁判權. 法國與中國人或其他外國人之間發生訴訟, 中國官員均不得過問. 法國人可以在五口建造教堂, 墳地, 且滿清政府有保護教堂的義務. 就憑這三條條約, 為傳教士打開傳教的大門. 在治外法權,下不單教會的傳教士不滿清政府管轄, 一般教民也常獲教會庇護. 部份教民又欺壓當地百姓, 地方政府因懼怕教會的治外法權, 不欲與西方人作對而未能主持公理, 結果造成教案.
1848年3月8日發生了青浦教案. 英國基督教倫敦會傳教士麥都思, 雒魏林 慕維廉等違反規定, 前往青浦縣傳教. . 船民圍觀洋人, 傳教士揮舞手杖打傷人, 從而引起糾紛. 11月27日, 麟桂與美國領事阿禮國簽訂協定, 將上海英租界西部邊界路(河南中路)擴展到泥城濱(今西藏中路). 這是上海英租界第一次擴充, 面積擴展到2800多畝. 滿清政府更答應麥思都等人捉拿 “肇事者”, 並革職查辦地方官,10個鄉民受刑, 賠償傳教士300銀両.
1851年的西林教案, 是因一名傳教士馬賴 為了取得內地合法地位, 不顧朝廷的禁令, 私入內地傳教. 先是擅自潛入湖南, 貴州等地. 後來又潛入廣西西林縣, 在西林開設住粥場, 免費煮粥給當地的窮苦百姓. 他利用這個機會,籠絡了大批無賴教
徒,馬子農 林八等人 組織了打手, 肆意迫害不入教的百姓.有一次, 馬賴在教堂內非禮新娘. 新郎一腳踹開馬賴, 馬賴喝令馬子農 林八打了新郎. 教堂內的親友見之, 群起攻擊. 馬賴倉惶逃走. 新娘遭此大劫, 羞愧難當, 當夜上吊自殺. 群眾遂把此事告上西林縣衙, 縣令張明鳳查明事實後, 將馬子農 林八當街處斬. 法國以馬賴事件為藉口,打出保護聖教的旗號,起戰端.英國也制造了”亞羅號”事件, 此發動了第二次鴉片戰爭
1856年10月初,一餿100噸的中國商船 亞羅號,自廈門開往廣州, 停泊黃埔. 船上水手全是中國人, 船主蘇亞成也是中國人. 此船曾被海盜奪去, 且曾在香港英國政府領過登記證. 10月8日, 廣東水師船捕走窩藏在船上的2民中國海盜和10民有嫌疑的中國水手. 英國駐廣東領事館巴夏禮卻藉口此船曾在香港注冊, 領有執照, 硬說是英國船, 更捏造中國水師扯下船上的英國國旗, 屋侮辱了英國. 巴夏禮要求兩廣總督葉名琛立即釋放被捕嫌犯, 並向英國道歉. 然而實際情形是, 執照於1856年9月27日期滿失效. 此船被捕時, 已有6天沒掛英國國旗了. 10月10日, 葉名琛派人把非海盜的9名水手送回 亞羅號時, 巴夏禮拒絕接受. 21日, 巴夏禮發出最後通牒, 限24小時內釋放全部嫌犯, 並公開向英國道歉. 22日, 葉名琛把12人全部送回時, 巴夏禮仍然拒收, 連葉名琛送去的信也拒絕拆閱. 英法組成聯軍進攻廣州, 後攻陷大沽砲台, 且揚言進犯北京. 俄, 美公使則充當調停人,從中要脅. 結果滿清政府於1858年派人議和. 先後與四國簽訂了 “天津條約”. 其中一款是外籍傳教士得入內地自由傳教.
1860年10月24日, 清欽差大臣奕訴與英國政府全權代表J.B. 額尔金, 法國政府全權代表J.B. L. 葛羅簽訂中英, 中法 “北京條約”..其中牽涉到傳教士的是,退還以前沒收的天主教資產. 法方還擅自在中文約本上增加 “並任法國傳教士在各省租買田地, 建造自便”.
青岩教案發生於1861年3月. 巴黎外方傳教會貴州代表牧區主教胡縛理接到傳教士護照後, 以譖征服者自居, 乘花呢大轎, 鳴鑼開道上慶祝 “天津條約” 的勝利, 並前呼後擁地見巡撫和提督, 又在青岩強買民田 建造民憤. 巡撫何冠英, 田興怒向省內官吏發出一封公函, 號召驅逐天主教傳教士. 群眾焚毀晁家修道院, 殺死4名天主教傳教士. 法駐中國使臣逼迫滿清政府專員,攜中法 “天津條約” 和中法 “北京條約” 20份前往貴州張貼, 但新任巡撫韓遭拒絕. 教案發生後, 法國公使館代辦哥士耆要求賠款5000両, 被殺4人每家至少賠銀250両, 在青岩賠建教堂一座, 為被殺的4名教徒賠造富麗墳墓. 但這協議遭到胡縛理的反對, 他認為賠款太少. 法國政府也指示駐華公使,向滿清政府提出強硬要求. 正當雙方進行交涉時, 又發生了開州教案.
1862年正月元宵節, 開州夾沙群眾按照習俗,各戶捐錢搭龍燈, 龍神. 法國傳教士文乃耳以及隨從慫恿教徒,拒要要抗邀, 知府戴鹿芝下令將文乃耳及隨從吳貞湘等4名中國教徒逮捕處死. 在法國武力桐嚇下, 滿清政府於1863年處罰牽涉此教案之人, 並賠款白銀1.2萬両.
1862年發生了”南昌教案”, 傳教士羅安當憑藉 “天津條約”, 在南昌一帶作惡多端, 無理強行索賠教堂, 甚至以法國全權大臣名義命令地方官張貼傳教的佈告, 激起群眾公憤. 群眾遍貼”撲滅異端邪教”公啟等揭帖, 拆毀天主教育嬰公會和教堂. 事發後, 因滿清政府欲勾結法國鎮壓太平天國起義, 指令江西巡撫允許賠款17000銀両結案.
1862年, 重慶也發生了教案, 法國公使提出將重城內長安寺給予川東主教,改為天主堂, 遭到紳商及當地人反對. 在法方堅持下, 滿清政府乖乖就範. 1863年3月, 群眾將天主堂的真元堂及教堂所設的醫院等搗毀. 事發後, 四川總督及成都將軍立即將川東道吳鎬徹職 ,並採取措施防止事態擴大. 最後 法國主教范若瑟與重慶紳商于1864年達成協議,. 天主教不再要求長安寺改建為教堂, 紳商付給范若瑟15萬両白銀作為賠償..
四川也發生許多教案. 其中以西陽教案較為典型 .1865年, 張佩超 張玉光父子因對中國天主教徒欺壓鄉民, 甩率人毀壞教堂, 毆斃傳教士. 1869年2月, 因龍秀元逼迫非教民朱永秦退婚, 以群眾為一方, 教民為另一方, 演變成一場大規模沖突. 地方官命令雙方交出武器, 群眾全交, 而教民未交. 在華人司鐸輔臣帶領下, 殺死民眾200人. 滿清政府為息事寧人, 竟賠給教會白銀3萬両, 並將群眾首領正法. 其他處以绞刑或流放.
台灣鳳山教案發生於1868年9月. 教徒莊清鳳欺壓鄉民, 群眾燒毀了鳳山幾處教堂, 驅走了英國傳教士. 英國派軍艦至台灣, 向平安城開炮, 殺死了守’將, 焚毀了兵營及火藥庫, 造成武裝流血沖突. 闽浙總督趕緊與英國談判, 結果地方官員被革職和賠款.
1868年 揚州也發生了教案. 法國天主教金式玉神父在州義閣開辦育嬰堂, 收容中國籍孤兒. 因發生瘟疫, 致使多名嬰兒死亡, 引起當地群眾猜疑. 又因該年6月1日, 戴德生在揚州租賃房物. 設立教堂. 揚州應考生員四處張貼揭帖, 要求群眾反對教會. 結果教堂被燒毀, 毆傷戴德生等傳教士數人. 英國駐上海領事麥華陀帶領兩艘軍艦前往南京, 向兩江總督曾國籓提出嚴重抗議. 曾國籓在麥華陀的武力威脅下, 將揚州知府撤職, 賠償教會損失, 並於教堂門前立碑, 伸明保護教會.
天津教案是1870年在天津所發生的一場震驚中外的教案. 1870年4 5 月間, 天津發生多宗兒童失蹤綁架事件. 6月初, 天氣炎熱, 疫病流行. 育嬰堂有3 4 名孤兒患病而死 . 社會上就有謠言說, 傳教士誘拐嬰兒, 挖眼剖心, 用于制作迷藥 .6月20日, 一明被居民扭送官府的匪徒武蘭珍口供中又牽連到教民王三及教堂. 天津知府和縣令押了拐犯前往天主堂對質, 群眾則將天主堂包圍 .後來發現該堂並無王三其人. 法國駐天津領事豐大業咆哮, 要求通商大臣崇厚派兵鎮壓群眾, 但卻得到不滿意的結果. 他就與知縣劉傑相理論, 怒而開槍 打死了知縣的樸人. 群眾激憤之下, 殺死了豐大業及其祕書西門. 之後又殺死了10名修女, 2名神父 ,另外2名法國領事館人員, 2名法國僑民, 3名俄國僑民和30多名中國教民. 群眾也焚毀了法國領事館, 望海樓天主堂, 仁慈堂以及當地英美傳教士開辦的4座基督堂. 破壞行動持續了3小時. 英, 法, 美等7國軍艦集結于天津 煙台一帶示威. 最後由李鴻章結案: 包括 (1) 劉傑等兩名地方官革職 (2) 判處死刑20名, 流放25名 (3) 賠款49.7萬両 (4) 崇厚向法國道歉謝罪.
延平教案發生于1874年. 事因美國傳教士在延平縣(今南平縣)強行建堂, 群眾于1875年和1876年兩度拆毀教堂, 驅逐傳教士出境. 1879年12月, 傳教士以開書店為名, 在延平開辦福音堂. 群眾前往觀看時, 傳教士竟開槍傷人, 激起公憤,再次將該 “書店” 搗毀. 閩浙總督何景在美國政府的威脅下, 對傳教士鳴槍殺人不查究, 反以賠款和懲凶結案.
1876年, 福建灾情嚴重 當地紳士造謠說, 是因傳教士欲在道山觀造洋樓而破壞風水. 群眾藉事群起, 將洋樓拆毀焚燒. 教案發生後, 教會及各方投訴 要求嚴懲凶手. 結果是知縣劉恩第, 烏石山防汛千總蒲大典革職. 毀屋的武生董經銓, 侯德忠, 林依奴等流放. 縛紹釜等人杖責. 林應霖等處事不力官員, 則摘去頂戴停官. 是為烏石山教案
濟南教案發生于1880年. 是時美國長老會傳教士莫約翰, 洪士提反等人選定濟南濼源書院附近的一塊地皮, 准備建立教堂,醫院. 莫約翰命教民劉玉亭出面購買後, 即開工興修. 當地紳士, 尤其是濼源書院的先生非常惱怒, 帶領群眾阻止工程進展. 還把劉玉亭押送府署刑責收監. 莫約翰報告給美國駐華公使安吉立, 經安吉立交涉, 劉玉亭終於被釋放. 1882年8月, 美國新任駐華公使楊約翰, 派何天爵往濟南解決此事. 滿清政府在壓力下, 終於于1884年初,以退還房價 賠償損失結案.
呼蘭教案發生于是1882年6月. 法國傳教士貢羅斯在黑龍江呼蘭縣強買民地建堂. 業主向地方官告狀, 經判決該地產應還給原主贖回. 傳教士恃強不允, 會談時竟開槍打死都統署官員一人, 並揑造 “旗兵滋事” ,告到法國公使館 .法使向滿清政府提出交涉, 以賠款3000千銀両結案.
兗州教案發生于1886年. 事與德國傳教士安治泰有關.1886年,安治泰購買了兗州城內的一處住宅, 准備作為傳教中心. 兗州是山東南部的行政中心, 孔故里阜曲和孟子故里鄹邹縣都屬它的轄區之內, 接受儒家思想較深, 紳士反教亦深. 湯誥和士紳范寶真等人組織兗州白姓, 號召城內的居民不要賣給外國人房屋 土地和食物, 不要給外國人作僕役, 並要驅逐外國人. 安治泰一到兗州, 即被群眾驅逐. 一年後 他又派人至兗州買房子, 結果被群眾拆毀了. 安治泰遂向北京法國公使李梅求援. 當初安治泰來兗州時, 德國尚未取得山東護教權, 故他是在法國人的保護下傳教的.
當德國人到護教權時, 德國公使聲稱安治泰在兗州受到欺凌, 要求 “照約保護”. 1890年, 德國領事司艮德一行人來到兗州, 堅持索取以前買惕的两處宅地. 百姓群取反對, 此事又暫閣下來.
1890年, 德國公使紳格坷又重提兗州建堂之事. 當時正逢中日甲午戰爭, 中國戰敗, 滿清政府更加服腐敗. 總理衙門輕率地表示了同意, 安治泰及隨從李世信又到兗州, 被群眾毆打. 安治泰告知紳科坷. 紳坷隨即表明, 本國政府無奈, 須設法自行保護. 在德國政府的逼迫下, 滿清政府只好妥協, 正式同意了在兗州建教堂的要求.
1886年, 重慶又發生教案. 英, 美傳教士分別在重慶鹅項玲, 涼風垭, 叢樹碑購地建教堂, 住所, 遭到民眾反對. 群眾把教堂, 教會建的醫院及住宅搗毀, 並與教民羅元義發生沖突. 事發後, 英美法公使向滿清政府大肆要挾. 滿清政府最後以處死羅元義及民眾首領2人, 以白銀贖回英美傳教士所購之地, 並向英美法教會賠償白銀26萬余两結案.
大足教案也是很有大影響的教案. 1890年8月, 四鄉白姓前往龍水鎮參加靈官廟會, 順便參觀新教堂. 法國神甫囑咐教民嚴拒. 始為口角, 繼而斗毆. 余棟臣, 余翠坪兩兄弟召集群眾搗毀教堂及教民房舍. 滿清政府連忙調兵逮捕肇事者, 並賠款5萬銀両于法國.
8年後, 余棟臣及余翠坪再次號召誅殺外國人. 1899年, 余棟臣向四川籓司請降. 滿清政府最後向法國賠償120萬両銀.
1891年發生宜昌教案.. 宜昌樂堂街的天主堂女修道院聖母堂, 正籌辦一所小型孤兒院, 准備受容20名孤兒, 並委託在教會當差吳有明負責招收十名. 當時教會 每收一名小孩 ,便當即付給家長20串錢的撫費. 同時立下字句, 寫明今後小孩受洗入教, 成人後的婚姻等均由教會負責, 家長不得干預. 這實際上是一種賣身契.
9月1日, 吳有明拐帶一名叫游臘枝的以便交差. 後來消息傳到群眾, 說游臘枝在聖母堂裏, 便向聖母堂交涉. 群情激動, 數千名群眾沖進聖母堂, 結果找到了. 群眾更加激動,紛紛沖進聖母堂, 要求修女們解釋清楚. 此時隔壁基督教聖公會傳教士蘇衛白見此景, 開槍打傷一人. 這更激起了群眾的不滿. 在朱金發, 趙宗雅等人帶領下, 把聖公會和聖母堂燒毀, 還搗毀英商住宅, 打傷外國傳教士. 宜掺昌教案發生後, 英 美法等國以武力同恫嚇, 張之洞將涉及人物逮捕, 分別處以笞杖和發配充軍, 並賠款17萬5千両銀子.
1891年5月12日, 一名婦女向蕪湖天主教聖若瑟堂要還幼童不果而發生糾紛, 引來人群圍觀. 此前就有謠言天主教堂拐賣兒童, 見此糾紛, 市民王光全, 傅有順帶頭焚燒教堂及外國人住宅, 並圍攻英國領事公署. 英法等國公使聯名向滿清政府抗議. 兩江總督劉坤一將王光全, 傅有順處死, 撤換蕪湖道員及知縣, 賠銀12萬6千両. 蕪湖教案以此結束
1891年湖北武穴發生教案. 兩名英國人被打死. 案發後, 張之洞將兩名英國人遺體運回武漢,妥善處理, 同時處死肇事者. 但英國方面並不滿足, 要求將圍觀哄鬧者一一拿辦. 但遭張之洞強硬拒絕.
1892年8月1日, 福建省古田縣發生了古田教案. 1892年, 江西贛人劉祥興以釘秤補碗為生,來古田創立斋教會. 他們不只抗租抗稅 ,與滿清政府對抗, 也反對傳教士. 斋教教徒襲擊了美國傳教士史葷伯和其他隨行者, 殺死11人, 焚毀房屋兩棟.
事發後的第三天, 滿清政府才公佈此案 .英美指責滿清政府起企圖封鎖消息, 與斋會同某謀幫凶,故提出強硬的抗議, 且在軍事上施加壓力. 滿清政府最後捉辦凶手, 斋教會的頭目全部被斬首, 其他教徒判無期徒刑及終身充軍. 此案就此了結.
成都教案發生于1895年. 該年5月28日, 成都民眾過端午節, 舉行擲果會. 傳教士將擲果小孩捕入教堂, 後又扣押三名交涉者, 因而激起公憤. 當晚 , 民眾將教堂及傳教士住宅焚毀 .英美法派軍艦在長江示威, 向滿清政府進行威脅. 結果四川總督劉秉博被革職, 各知縣受處分, 民眾被處死6人, 判刑17人.
1897年山東曹州巨野縣群眾與德國傳教士沖突之巨野教案, 亦稱曹州教案. 19世紀90年代, 德國從法國手裏奪得魯南德籍傳教士的保護權後, 曾于1896至1897年兩次向滿清政府租借膠州灣, 均遭拒絕. 1897年11月1日,夜刀大會惠潮現, 雷繼參等人到巨野縣磨盤張家莊教堂, 殺死德國傳教士能方濟和韓理. 與此同時, 壽張, 濟寧, 單縣, 武成等州縣, 亦發生毀堂毆逐傳教士教民事件. 11月6日, 德國海軍開到膠州灣, 佔領要隘, 城市及其他據點. 11月10日, 德國駐華公使向滿清政府提出6點要求, 其中包括 中方代建教堂3座(每座造價6.6萬両白銀), 傳教士住宅7處 (造價共2.4萬両白銀). 滿清政府全盤接受德國要求.
1898年寧羌莊稼歉收, 漢中府撥出賑濟款, 貴成漢中教區主教拔士林以教會名義向災民發放. 拔士林以賑濟款購買糧食和盐, 部份分發燕子砭. 燕子砭教堂神甫意大利人郭西德規定教民可以從優賑濟, 以此誘民入教. 教民又趁災民之危,放高利貸, 使民眾不滿.
1900年,收成稍好. 郭西德追債甚緊, 指使用人收農民糧食. 此時剛好是義和團事件發生. 民眾受其影響, 以李榮棟, 騰尚賢和楊海等人為首, 把神甫郭西德, 會長楊興隆, 侍從周雅各伯, 管賬李占螯及其子李大銀處死. 拔士林向滿清政府抗議, 是逢八國聯軍攻入北京, 滿清政府十分惶恐, 簽訂文約, 允許外國傳教士在漢中各地修建教堂, 自由傳教, 且免除教堂一切捐稅, 賠償白銀5萬両, 用以修建漢中及 燕子砭教堂 . 另罰銀4000両,在州城內修建教士公館1座, 在燕子砭為郭西德修墳墓, 建經堂. 燕子砭教案遂結束
山西教案與毓賢有關 .1900年3月, 毓賢就任山西巡撫. 在他的支持下,義和團運動在山西也如火如荼的爆發了. 太原的東央巷教堂, 大北門教堂及教會醫院皆被焚毀. 山西教案席卷全省79個州縣, 被殺傳教士191人, 被殺教民6060人.山西還被要求每年分擔庚子賠款116萬両, 也賠償山西教會損失263萬両, 並為殉難傳教士立碑.
1900年7月, 衢州民眾受義和團影響, 沖入城內四眼井 “內地會” 教堂縱火焚燒, 殺死外國傳教士. 衢州教案震驚了英美. 英國駐魯滬總領事霍必灡施加壓力, 滿清政府處罰涉及者 賠款白銀50000両, 割地10畝給教案中被殺的傳教士築墓和修建被毀教堂.
天主教衡州教案是湖南最大的一宗. 1900年, 在義和團的影響下, 衡州群眾搗毀了英國基督教堂. 中國籍神甫曾倫佐探知此事, 急速返回天主堂, 告之副主教任德高. 任德高派人去衡州求救, 衡州知府裕慶拒之不接見. 結果, 另一個傳教士董哲西 與湘南教區主教范懷德及傳教士安守仁3人被殺. 1901年, 滿清政府簽訂教案處理方法. 其中涉及傳教士的條款為: 在衡陽江東岸為范懷德, 董哲西, 安守仁3人建白石牌樓. 在衡陽堂灣地方 由地方官出資興建教堂. 各級官府應佈告全省, 保護傳教士和教民安全, 允許自由傳教, 賠償衡陽天主堂370000両銀.
綜觀上述教案, 似乎有個定律. 首先是滿清政府和外國政府簽訂不平等條約, 隨之而來的是各國傳教士的湧入, 群眾對外國及外國傳教士之不滿而與之發生沖突. 傳教士為了自保而各自向自己國家求助, 結果又引來外國武力威脅, 甚至戰爭. 戰敗的滿清政府只好妥協 .這又引起人民的不滿而又與傳教士及教民沖突. 就這樣的惡性偱環, 推波助浪, 終於釀成最大教案, 即發生於1900年之義和團運動
義和團的起源, 是由山東大刀會, 紅槍會, 義和拳, 白蓮教等在滿清政府的默許下, 由地下秘密結社轉為公開, 並打出 扶清滅洋 的口號. 滿清政府對此運動是否鎮壓, 猶豫不決, 故而保持靜觀. 義和團運動迅速發展成為一場浩大的群眾運動.
1899年, 山東省有4萬余人揭竿而起, 1900年初, 義和團運動中心轉向京都. 所在地直隸省, 又向北京和天津推進, 搗毀外國教堂, 破壞鉄路路基和電報線路.
部份義和團喪失理智, 盲目殺害傳教士`及教民. 各國對此大為恐慌, 要求滿清政府采取措施消滅義和團. 在外國壓力下, 滿清政府對義和團進行圍剿, 但效果甚微. 外國軍艦開進渤海灣, 陸戰隊隨之登陸. 英, 德, 奧匈, 法, 美, 日, 俄, 意八國聯軍由此開始.
1900年6月11日, 清兵在北京打死日駐華使館参贊杉山. 6月11日, 又打死日駐華公使凱特勒 .北京使館區被圍困56天之久.
6月 3 日,義和團開進北京與清軍一起圍攻使館區. 外國軍艦擊毀大沽炮台,後 滿清政府于6月21日向各國宣戰. 義和團運動更加廣泛地展開. 山西, 浙江, 福建, 湖北, 湖南等省以及中國東北和蒙古各地居民都紛紛起來,搗毀教堂,驅逐外國商人等等.
1900年8月3日, 由德國元帥瓦德西統領的八國聯軍進攻北京. 8月14日 攻佔北京, 使館區遂解圍. 八國聯軍進入北京後, 瘋狂地燒 殺, 搶, 掠, 世界著名的圓明園被他們搶劫一空, 並焚毀. 無辜的群眾被大規模屠殺. 滿清政府只好與各國簽訂喪權辱國的 “辛丑條約”.
其主要內容為在北京東交民巷設立使館區, 由各國派兵駐守, 中國人不許居
住, 及永遠禁止中國人成立或参加任何與各國為敵的主組职. 從此中國淪為一個半殖名地, 一半封建的社會.
現在來談談各個傳教士. 筆者從中文網站收集到關於傳教士的資料, 大部份都是負面的. 到底這些資料是否存有偏見, 就不得而知. 茲將傳教士的 “事業” 述之如下:
(1) 郭士立, 又譯為郭實腊, 德國基督教路得會牧師. 1831年到澳門任英國東印度公司翻譯. 當時東印度公司與中國的貿易是鴉片. 這也就是說, 他充當鴉片販子的翻譯. 他初到澳門時, 許多鴉片商人都爭著請他帶路到中國沿海去推銷鴉片, 待遇十分優厚. 1831年到1838年間 曾十次偵察中國沿海, 搜集到大量的政治 經濟 軍事情報. 這成為他參與鴉片戰爭和起草 “南京條約” 的資本. 郭士立是談判代表, 多次就條約的具體內容與中方代表討價還價. 他對中方代表極盡訛詐之能事, 取得了原訂計劃更多的特權和賠款.
在戰爭其間, 郭士立穿起了軍裝, 隨軍到各地強征糧草軍需. 1842年6月, 當英軍進上海時, 對上海早已了如指掌的郭士立, 充當海軍司令的響導, 協助指揮作戰. 7月間, 他又為英軍帶路攻至鎮江, 沖進城後 ,一路沿街燒屋和實行屠殺掳掠.
郭士立先後于1840年擔任定海縣長, 1841年擔任寧波縣長, 1842年任鎮江行政長官, 1843年至1851年任香港英國當局漢文秘書, 同時從事傳教工作.
(2) 麥都思是新教最早來華的傳教士之一. 1833年, 他到廣東接替剛去世的
中國倫敦會的創立者馬禮逊. 次年回國. 1843年移居上海, 成為最早來上
海滬定居的傳教士. 1848年因違反 中英五口通商章程, 擅自越上海縣界,
釀 成 “青浦教案”. 1854年, 他被派到舟山. 在英軍司令部里任翻譯 赴太
平天國天京收集情報 .
(3) 裨治文是新教美國公理會在華傳教士. 1830年. 椑治文免費乘坐販運鸦
片的船,並接受其資助來華, 從馬禮遜學漢語. 一些傳教士邀請大鴉片商
人充當對中國傳播基督教宗教團體的頭面人物. 如在廣州的 “馬禮遜教
育會”, 就讓大鴉片商顛地任會長, 另一大鴉片商查頓任司庫. 傳教士椑
治 文本人則任秘書. 1844年任公使顧盛之譯員祕書, 參加訂立 ‘夏望條
約 ‘,1855任公使麥連的譯員. 他主張用武力強迫滿清政府訂不平等條約,
以打開中國門戶 認為傳教士鷹不受中國法律約束而深入內地活動
(4) 巴拉第是俄羅斯正教在華傳教士. 他曾任第13和15屆俄羅斯正教駐北
京傳道領班修士大司祭. 他以修士輔祭身份隨第12屆俄羅斯正教駐北
京傳道修士大司祭波立卡普到北京供職, 在任職期內普升為修士大司祭
1849年率領第13屆駐北京傳道團到中國.任職期間, 曾多次向沙俄政府
提供中國在太平天國革命爆發以後的政治,經濟, 軍事情報. 1858年4月,
巴拉第趕到艦隊停靠的渤海, 向俄國公使普提雅廷匯報滿清政府的動態.
5月間, 巴拉第又到大沽向先其到達的俄國公使報告清軍在大沽口的設
防情報, 並向英軍司令報告了當時北京缺糧情況, 皇室逃跑計劃, 京津之
間軍事部署, 白河已被封鎖地方, 以及大沽設防等情報. 1856至1858年
間,參加與簽訂 “中俄瑷琿條約” .1864年,再次率第15屆駐北京道團赴華.
在任期中曾到中國東北和蒙古地區實地考察,並進行測繪與搜集情報.
(5) 文惠廉是美國新教傳教士. 1840年底轉赴澳門, 任馬禮逊學校代理校長.
鴉片戰爭爆發後 . 他借助英國侵略軍勢力, 和兵船登上廈門和鼓浪嶼,
計劃以廈門為傳教據點. 1844年被祝聖為中國怖道區主教 .1848年, 文
惠廉曾脅迫上海道台吳建彰辟蘇州以北虹口一帶為美國租界,後與英租
界合併為公共租界.
(5) 伯駕 是美國新教傳教士. 1834年1002月乘販賣鴉片的船來華, 在廣州
(6) 登岸. 不久即去新加坡學漢議文 .第二年10月,在廣州設眼科醫局. 1838年2 月21日,在販賣鴉片的壟斷主組織東印度公司的倡議下,成立了 “中華醫藥傳教會”. 伯駕為副會長, 大鴉片商顛地,查頓為終身董事. 伯駕在廣州時,是美國領事的助手. 1840年第一次鴉片戰爭開始時, 他返美向總統, 國務院,和國會竭力鼓吹美國應乘此時機參與對華作戰, 主張派專使來華簽訂不平等條約. 1842年受聘為美國談判 “望廈條約” 的特使顧盛的秘書兼譯員, 逼滿清政府接受比 “南京條約” 更為苛刻的中美 “望廈條約”, 為美國取得 “最惠國” 待遇的特權. 1847年 辭去公理會傳教士之職, 轉在美國駐華代辦. 從此步入外交界, 成為美國傳教士中出任外交官之第一人.
(7) 理雅各是蘇格蘭傳教士,漢學家. 1839年受倫敦會派遣到中國傳教. 由於滿清政府不許傳教士入境, 遂在馬六甲任英華書院院長 (1834年 該院遷香港稱神學院). 1845年, 理雅各回國 3年後和一批傳教士再次到中國,繼續在香港任神學院院長. 理雅各在香港居住30余年, 致力建立教會和培養傳教人員.
(8) 韋廉臣是英國新教傳教士. 1855年受倫敦會派遣 到上海傳教. 3年後
回國.1863年作為蘇格蘭聖經會和英國聯合長老會駐華代表來華, 住在
烟台, 1884年趁回國之便, 辦 學校與教科書委員會, 向格拉斯哥教書會
募 得巨款, 以展開基督教在華的文字宣教工作. 第3次來華後, 在烟台
漢口等地設聖經書會. 1887年在上海正式筹建同文書會, 自任總督.
(9) 樊國樑是法國天主教傳教士. 1859年到中國, 在北京北堂傳教. 1884年,
慈禧擴建中海苑囿, 要求北堂遷西什庫重建. 樊國樑與李鴻章派遣的天
津稅務司德璀琳會商, 提出新址須較北堂基址寬廣一倍等條件, 並索
取建價銀45萬両(後減至35萬両).
樊國樑與徳璀琳訂遷堂條約,並得清廷賞賜三品頂戴..後晉升主教銜, 任
北直隷教區有繼任權助理主教. 次年因交涉保定教案, 結交直隸總督兼
北洋大臣榮祿, 清廷又賜二品頂戴.清廷在樊國樑和法國公使華盛的壓
力下, 頒布 “地方官接待主教事宜” 五條, 規定外國傳教士在交涉有關民
教糾紛時的政治地位後, 返羅馬述職, 得到教廷贊揚.
1900年回到北京時, 義和團運動已在直隸中部迅猛發展. 他要求法國公
使從大沽口調遣水兵進京,保護教堂. 法 意二國士兵隨即進駐北堂 構
筑工事八國聯軍入侵北京後, 樊國樑在法國公使同意下, 指揮教徒閭進
禮王府, 慶王府, 立山府, 李蓮英住宅等處, 連續搶劫8天, 掠奪金銀珍寶
無數.
該年他以勝利者的离姿態回歐 ,被教廷譽為 “宗座衛士”; 法國政府授以
十字榮譽勛章. 1901年重返北京, 就教堂與教士墳墓等項向滿清政府勒
索巨額賠款.
(10) 戴德生是英國傳教士,是中國內地會創立者. 1853年受福漢會的派遣, 先後在上海,汕頭和寧波傳教並行醫`.1853年創立內地會. 同年發表其一部著作 “中國的精神需要和要求”, 呼旴傳教士來華傳教. 1866年 率13名傳教士再次來華. 1880至1881年先後去贛, 鄂視察教務. 1853至1905年為發 展教務而在中國內地數次長途旅行. 在義和團運動時, 戴德生所創立的內地會有58人被害 .此外,還有12名兒童. 但在運動之後的索賠過程中,戴德生主動放棄賠償要求, 即使滿清政府願意賠償, 他也不接受, 以示與不平等條約劃清界限.
(11) 林樂知是新教美國監理會傳教士. 1860年到上海, 曾以王稲治漢學 .
1863年在滿清政府辦的上海廣方言館任教司. 1868年江南制造局內設
翻譯館. 廣方言館移入局內, 他兼譯書. 1882年于上海創辦中西書院並
任監院.
(12) 狄考文是美國新教傳教士. 1863年受美國差會派遣, 攜眷來華 初次在山東登州(今山東逢蓬萊)傳教. 1864年創設供膳宿的蒙養學堂, 招收貧寒學生. 1876年蒙養學堂改稱登文會館. 1900年八國聯軍侵佔北京, 他上書差會要求嚴懲義和團.
(13) 丁韙良是美國傳教士, 1850年至1860年在中國寧波傳教. 由於他熟諳漢語, 善操方言, 1858年中英談判期間, 曾任美國公使列衛廉譯員, 參與起草 “天津條約”. 1863定居北京, 並創立長老會. 1864年應邀任北京同文館英文教習. 1866年到開封考察猶太教在華遣亦. 丁韙良在聯軍鎮壓義和團時充當侵略軍的翻譯. 在義和團包圍使館時, 丁韙良搬進了英國公使大院 ,領了毛瑟槍, 參與巡邏和槍殺義和團.
(14) 李提摩太是英國傳教士, 1869年由浸禮會派遣赴華. 次年抵上海, 先在山
東佈道, 曾一度在東北地區詛查. 1877年赴山西太原主辦賑災及佈道.
他 建議 “英國有必要更多地控制主要的大學 ,主要報紙, 主要的雜誌和
一般的新讀物. 通過控制這些東西和控制中國宗教領袖, 我們就控制了
這個國家的骨頭和計脊梁骨.” 他站在西方列強的立場上支持中國的維
新運動,曾多次向張之洞, 李鴻章, 翁同龢等建議聘請英, 美人士充當滿
清政府的最高顧問.
1900年, 李提摩太到美國紐約 波士頓, 華盛頓及紐約州等地發表演說,
會見美國要人 ,請求美國干涉正在中國興起的義和團運動, 為美國出兵
到處游說. 義和團運動後, 他提出由列強主组織一個半為中國人半為外
國人的 “聯合中央內閣”.
(15) 李佳白是美國傳教士. 1882年奉美國長老會之命赴華, 在山東烟台, 濟南等地傳教 .1887年,李佳白在山東盜買了一片土地. 當時業主尚在獄中.他不經地方官的同意 ,親自帶了一幫人, 于11月8日強行沖入該址,把原住戶驅走, 佔領了那塊地方. 後來由業主家屬上訴時, 美國駐華公使田貝竟出面干涉. 終於在1889年迫使地方官將濟南城外一塊比李佳白強佔的產業更大的土地撥給他,作為補償交換. 1892年,李佳白回國. 二年後辭去長老會工作,再次來華, 籌辦尚賢堂 .1900年義和團運動時, 李佳白充當美國侵略軍翻譯.
(16) 孟振生是法國遣使會傳教士. 在”北京條約” 起草過程中, 任北京天主教教區管理人. 他利用他為法國代表團擔任翻譯和文件起草人的機會, 又擅自塞進傳教士可在各省租買田地的內容 “北京條約” 于1860年10月20日簽訂. 中法雙方商定以法文本為標准文本 其中第六款原文是 “按照1846年10月20日道光皇帝發的上諭, 凡在禁教中被沒收之基督徒的宗教和慈善事業, 均應通過法國駐華公使發還業主. 中國政府應將它們連同其他附屬建築一并交給法國公使”. 孟振生在條約中文本上將上面文字譯為 又將前謀害奉天主教者之時所 允之主堂, 學堂, 墓墳, 田土, 房廊等件應賠還, 交法國駐扎京師之欽差大臣, 轉交該處奉教之人.
已后, 又山賞擅自添加了一句法文本上沒有的關鍵性文字, 即 “并任法
國傳教士在各省租買田地,建造自便.” 這一句話使外國傳教士獲得了在
中國任何地方租買土地和蓋房的特權, 為外國傳教士在中國內地霸佔地
產, 遍設教堂提供了條約根據和護身符, 並成為后來各地發生民教糾紛
及引起教案的嚴重隱患
(17) 羅伯濟是法國天主教南京的主教, 鴉片戰爭時, 當英國今侵略軍打到上
海時, 他多次喬裝中國人, 夜間乘舢舨船到 “皇后” 號軍艦去見英軍司令
璞鼎查, 向他報告南京教區及中國的軍事, 政治情報.
(18) 衛三畏是美國傳教士. 1858年英, 法, 美,俄等四國專使率領兵艦聯合北上,
進駐白河口, 直逼天津. 聯軍決定對中國發動突然襲擊之前, 美國冒充調
解人, 商定派傳教士衛三畏和丁韙良去同直隸布政司錢忻舉行談判, 制造
假象. 5月20日, 聯軍出其不意地向大沽炮台發動猛烈進攻.衛三畏也協
助美國簽訂比 “南京條約” 更為苛刻的中美 “望廈條約”, 為美國取得了
“最惠國” 待遇的特權. 1858年的 “天津條約”, 衛三畏使用威嚇手段,把
“寬容條款”塞進”天京條約”,致使外國傳教士及中國教民享有特權. 如果
他們犯法, 可以不受中國法律制裁.
(19) 明恩浦是美國公理會傳教士. 在2月17日的 “字林西報” 發表介紹義
和團的文章, 結論是: “ 應該坦白地告訴北京政府, 單單講好話的時期肯
定是已經過去了, 今後必須采取相應行動………除非現在就采取強硬的
和一致的對策, 變亂一定會發生, 正象任何勢必發生的事情一樣. 關心防
止變亂的有關人士, 必須采取相應的行動. 明恩浦也借華北公理會舉行年
會時, 跑到北京東交明巷的外國使館, 與丁韙良等一起對抗義和團.
(20) 胡縛理是法國的貴州主教. 他于1861年收到依據 “天津條約” 而獲得到
傳教護照, 決定大肆慶祝, 組織外國傳教士和教民 舉行大規模遊行, 並乗
巡撫專用的紫呢大轿, 前往拜會貴州巡撫和其他高級官吏. 這種舉動自然
引 起中國官紳的極大反感 .1895年,法國公司要求對待主教 “均與省垣頭
品大吏平等 ,待傳教士, 亦如敬重有德望之先達”. 這樣的要求, 只會使地
方官員更加厭惡外國傳教士.
(21) 馬賴是法國巴黎外方傳教會的神甫 .他曾多次前往貴州 ,通過當地教民與
黔桂的 “綠林” 拉關係 希望以此來擴大自己的勢力, 左右地方紳士及官員,
而 “ 綠林”們也想依靠馬賴的庇護 .1856年, 由于馬賴的種種惡行, 被當地
百姓告到官府. 知縣張鳴鳳秉公執法, 將馬賴處死. 法國藉此事件挑起戰
端, 並希望此舉即能進行海外殖民擴張, 又能獲得國內天主教的支持.
筆者也收集到一些評論. 茲將其摘錄如下, 並將筆者本身的看法列下 :
在 “請你來陪審員 ---- 楊州教案140年周年紀念”一文的作怎者如此說: 凡是因為租賃房產引起的教案,幾乎千篇一律地以 ‘強賃’ 囫圇謂之, 卻又只字不提 ‘強賃’ 的細節與過程. 筆者並不否認在那個屈辱的年代有過 ‘強賃’ 的案例, 但這並不表示所有的涉外租賃都屬 強賃”.
筆者本身的看法是, 根本沒有所謂 “強賃” 或 “不 強賃” 的問題. 老子在”道德經”第二章說: 天下皆知美之為美, 斯惡已. 其意是說,如果天下的人都知道美之所以美, 醜的概念也就形成了. 為甚麼會有 “按公平定議租地蓋房等等” 置入條約中? 理由很簡單, 因為中國人不願租賃給外國人! 換句話說, 先有了 “不欲租賃”, 才有 “按公平租賃” 的條約出現. 更進一步說, 在 “天津條約” 簽訂之前, 出租不出租之權在於中國人. 但 “天津條約”簽訂後, 中國人不可以說 “不”. 如果說 “不 “的話, 可能[引發教案及戰爭, 甚至引來滿清政府的鎮壓, 以示其遵守條約. 當時只有兩種人, 一種是 “來者不拒”, 另一種人是 “暴徒” (外國人如此稱之). 對中國人來說, “強賃”與”不強賃”根本沒有分別. 當然, 筆者也不否認中國人有自尊自大的心態.
中英 “天津條約”的第九款曰: 英國人民准聽持照前往內地各處游历, 通商. 執照 應可隨時呈驗, 無頋訛放行. 雇船, 雇人, 裝運行李, 貨物, 不得攔阻. 如其無照, 其中或有訛誤, 以及有不法情勢, 就近送交領事官懲辦, 沿途只可拘禁, 不可凌辱. 如通商各口有出外遊玩者, 地在百里 期,在三五日內, 毋庸請照. 惟水手, 船上人等不在此列, 應由地方官會同领事官, 另定章程, 妥辦彈壓..惟于江寧等處, 有賊處所, 候城池克復之後, 再行給照..
第九款並沒給 “內地: 下定義, 該作者關於 “內地”的概念, 想必是他自己的看法而已.
第十二款曰: 英國人民 在各口並各地方意欲租地蓋房, 設立樓房, 禮拜堂, 醫院, 墳墓, 均按民價照給, 公平定議, 不得互相勒索.
如前所述, 雖說是”公平定議”, 但若中國人不欲讓外國人蓋屋, 英國就有很好的理由說百姓違反了 “公平定義”. 所謂的 “公平” 是否指中國人可以拒絕? “不得互相勒索” 已經暗示非租不可!
該作者又說, 這樣一個龐大的計劃, 如果沒有合法的外交規定作為後盾, 是不可能的……..戴德生一行, 定居揚州 的法律根據在于同一條約的第十二款 ,英國僑民可以在各口並各地方, 按 公平定議, 租地蓋屋, 設立棧房, 禮拜堂, 醫院, 墳墓.
筆者要問的是, 這個 “合法的外交規定” 是怎樣得來的? 答案是通過戰爭而得來的. 而這場戰爭卻是不義的戰爭.
“聖經新約約翰福音”第16章36節曰: 耶穌回答說, 我的國不屬這世界. 我的國若屬這世界, 我的臣僕必要爭戰, 使我不至於被交給猶太人. 只是我的國不這世界.
這裏非常很清楚的告訴我們, 基督徒應與政治畫線分明, 兩者不可混淆. 筆者非指基督徒不可參政. 政治只是一種工具,用來統治國家, 無所謂的好與壞.
“聖經新約提摩太前書”第6章10節曰: 貪財是萬惡之根. 有人貪戀錢財, 就被引誘離了真道, 用許多愁苦把自己刺透了. 錢財不是惡, 不擇手段謀財, 這才是萬惡之根.
“聖經舊約箴言”第10章2節曰 :不義之財,毫無益處. 惟有公義, 能救人脫離死亡.
同樣的, 這 “合作的外交規定”是公義的嗎? 能救人脫離死亡嗎? 還是不擇手段, 導至許多人流血死亡而得來的? 作為一個基督徒, 該不該以此作為後盾?
該作者指出, 古今中外, 不論是匈奴與漢朝的和親, 還是南宋與金的和約, 城下之盟,從來沒有平等過. 雖然不平等, 仍具有法律效應. 孤立地強調這些條約的不平等, 並不能幫助我們更好地正視歷史.
跟據中文百科大辭典(旺文社), 歷史是 人類過去的活動記錄 ,又分為狭義與廣義兩種. 狭義的歷史指文字發明與以後的記载. 廣義的歷史則是指人類歷史, 無論史前, 史後的遺跡而言. 為甚麼要記載呢? 筆者認為,歷史是一個借鏡, 讓我們瞭解過去, 勿再重犯過去的失誤. 總之, 這段歷史, 不管誰是誰非, 畢竟與基督教和天主教有關. 作為一個傳教士甚至基督徒, 都應該引以為鑑, 不可忘記這些教案. 我們更應把這些經歷, 世世代代傳下去, 好叫我們的後代 也記取這一教訓.
“聖經舊約出埃及記”第10章2節曰: 並要叫你將我向埃及人所作的事, 和在他們中間所行的神蹟, 得以傳於你兒子和你孫子的耳中, 好叫你們知道我是耶和華.
“聖經舊約出埃及記”第13章8節曰: 當那日, 你要告訴你的兒子說, 這是因耶和華在我出埃及的時後為我所行的事.
“聖經舊約申命記”第6章20及21節曰: 日後你的兒子問你說, 耶和華我們的神吩咐你們的這些法度, 律例, 典章, 是甚麼意思呢? 你就告訴你的兒子說, 我們在埃及作過法老的奴僕, 耶和華用大能的手將我們從埃及領出來.
以色列人在埃及作奴隸, 這是極為不光彩的事. 神把他們從埃及領出來, 是一件極其榮神耀人的事. 神說得很清楚, 以色列人及其後代都必須知道這些事.
該作者繼續指出: 身為弱勢國家, 既然以條約換取和平, 明智的選擇,便是嚴格執行這些協議, 同時奮發圗強, 爭取時間改革和發展自己. 用陽奉陰違的辦法,顯然只是自自欺欺人的駝鳥政策, 無法從根本上改變中國當時的國際地位.
筆者認為, 以當時中國的情況, 根本無法 “爭取時間改革和發展自己”. 1851年至1864年的”太平天國運動 “,1860年至1890年的”洋務運動”, 1894年的 “甲午海戰”, 1898年的 “戊戌 “ 都証明了這一點.
至於這些條約怎樣被廢除的呢? 筆者所收集到的資料 ,大致上是這樣: 首先是蘇維埃俄國的十月革命後, 於1917年11月下旬, 就開始公佈和廢除沙俄在中國的特權, 取消中俄不平等條約. 1924年5月3日, 蘇中雙方政府簽訂了 “中俄解決縣案大綱協定”, 即 “中俄協定”. 協定規定 廢除原沙俄政府同中國訂立的一切公約, 條約, 協定, 議定 及合同等等
. 1917年, 德國和奧國因第一次世界大戰中戰敗而被廢除不平等條約. 1928年2月1日, 南京國民政府發表 “修改” 不平等條約宣言. 6月25日, 簽訂了 “整理中美兩國關稅關係之條約”, 接着又與德, 挪 ,荷 ,瑞, 英, 法等國簽訂了”稅關條約”, 並公佈了 “關稅稅則條解”, 同時收回了上海公供租界的會審公解, 取消了比利時在天津的租界, 英國在威海衛的租借地..
當第二次大戰爆發時 ,中國與意日為交戰方. 為了維持同盟的穩定, 中美, 中英簽訂新約, 其內容包括: (1) 廢除各國不平等條約規定的領事裁判權. (2) 廢除各國不平等條約的通商口岸與商埠. (3) 廢除 “辛醜條約”規定的允英美在華的駐兵權 和使館權 .(4) 廢除英德在借款規定給予英國人長期擔任中國海關總稅務司的職責. (5) 廢除英國在天津和廣州的租界及其特權. (6) 廢除各國在華貿易權及內河航行權. (7) 取消上海, 廈門的公共租界及其特權. (8) 有關影響中國主權而新約尚未涉及的問題, 則按國際公法和國際慣例會商解決.
意大利和日本因第二次大戰中成為中國的敵對國,而失去他們的特權地位. 1946年, 法國放棄其在中國的特權.
1949年 ,中華人民共和國政府成立後, 不承認以前簽訂的所有不平等條約.
在 “傳教士在明清中國的境遇”一文中的作者談到關於傳教士是否進行情搜集情報活動, 要分兩方而言. 一方面若在戰爭期間, 傳教士收雇于入侵的軍隊成為情報官 ……惟是此時期他的身份是情報官, 而非傳教士. 他不是以傳士的身份去搜集情報, 故此我們也不能說搜集情報的活動與傳教有直接關係.
筆者認為, 個人 品德不可隨着身份的改變而隨之改變 .”聖經新約提摩太前
書”第3章2至5節曰: 作監督的,必須無可指責. 只作一個人的丈夫. 有節制, 自守, 端正, 樂意接待遠人, 善於教導, 不因酒茲事, 不打人, 只要溫和, 不爭競, 不貪財, 好好管理自己的家, 使兒女凡事端莊順服 (人若不知道管理自己的家, 焉能照管神的教會呢?). 第7節又說, 監督也必須在教外有好名聲, 恐怕被外人毀謗, 落在魔鬼的網羅里.
傳教士也應該如此, 不可因為身份改變而去掉以上所說的品行. 因為身份改變了, 他們仍舊是基督徒. 不管是監督, 傳道, 傳教士 或一般基督徒, 都應有上述品德,
更何況這是一場侵略的戰爭, 是不義之戰. 那一方打贏或打輸, 肯定會流很多血.
“聖經舊約創世記”第4章10節曰: 耶和華說, 你作了甚麼事? 你兄弟的血, 有聲音從地里向我哀告. 流人血的, 神必追討.
“聖經舊約申命記”第19章10節曰: 免得無辜之人的血流在耶和華---你神所賜你為業的地上, 流血的罪就歸於你.
關鍵不在於身份的轉變. 不管是傳教使士的身份, 或親情報員的身份, 他們也直接或間接流了別人的血.
該作者又說, 第二方面, 若這個指責是泛指在平常日子, 傳教士編寫文章, 出版刊物……..目的純粹是為了傳教的方便……..吸引更多后繼者投身在華的傳教事業而已. 這些資料即或可以用為侵略中國的參考, 作者不應該要對讀者如何使用他的作品負責.
“聖經新約哥林多前書”第8章4至13節曰: 論到吃祭偶像之物, 我們知道偶像在世上算不得甚麼, 也知道神只有一位, 再沒有別的神. 雖有稱為神的, 或在天, 或在地 (就如那許多的神, 許多的主), 然而我們只有一位神, 就是父. 萬物都本於他, 我們也歸於他. 並有一位主, 就是耶穌基督. 萬物都是藉着他有的, 我們也是藉着他有的. 但人不都有這等知識. 有人到如今因拜慣了偶像, 就以為所吃的是祭偶像之物. 他們的良心既然軟弱, 也就污穢了. 其實食物不能教神看中我們, 因為我們不吃也無損, 吃也無益. 只是你們要謹慎, 恐怕你們這自由竟成了那軟弱人的絆腳石. 若有人見你有知識的在偶像的廟里坐席, 這人的良心若是軟弱, 豈不放膽去吃那祭偶像之物麼? 因此, 基督為他死的那軟弱弟兄, 也就因你的知識沈淪了. 你們這樣得罪弟兄, 傷了他們軟弱的良心,就是得罪基督. 所以, 食物若叫我弟兄跌倒, 我就永遠不吃肉. 免得叫我弟兄跌倒了.
同樣的, 這些資料,猶如吃偶像的食物. 能幫助傳教, 也能幫助侵略軍. 這不僅僅使中國基督徒陷入尴尬之境,甚至絆倒軟弱的弟兄. 若傳教士所刊登的刊物 能叫侵略軍侵略中國,傳教士們就不該出版或刊登這些資料. 總之, 傳教士們應該瞭解自己的一舉一動 會給別人甚至一個國家帶來甚麼影響及結果, 而非不擇手段的來傳教.
該作者如此云, 我們只要強調一點, 傳教士在帝國主義侵華和訂不平等條約過程中 所扮演的角色其實不大, 主要是在語言翻譯方面. 他們並非不可或缺的人物.
筆者認為, 既是 “並非不或卻缺的人物”, 那為甚麼這些傳教士還要當翻譯員? 他們大可拒絕他們國家的委任.
“聖經新約哥林多前書”第6章12節曰: 凡事我都可行,但不都有益處. 凡事我都可行, 但無論那一件, 我總不受它的轄制.
“聖經新約哥林多前書”第10章23節曰: 凡事都可行,但不都有益處. 凡事都可行, 但不都造就人.
“聖經新約哥林多前書”第10章31節曰 :所以,你們或吃或喝, 無論作甚麼, 都要為榮耀神而行.
傳教士們這樣作, 對他們傳教事工有益處嗎? 有造就人嗎? 有榮耀神嗎?
該作者說, 傳教士為了取得合法居留中國地位, 被迫加入外國在華的機構工作. 這些機構包括了半商業性質的東印度公司, 也包括外國駐華的外交和商務的官方代表.
“聖經新約哥林多前書”第10章21節曰: 你們不能喝主的杯, 又喝鬼的杯. 不能吃主的筵席, 又吃鬼的筵席.
“聖經新約哥林多前書”第6章14和15節曰: 你們和不信的原不相配, 不要同負一軛. 義和不義有甚麼相交呢? 光明和黑暗有甚麼相通呢? 基督和彼列有甚麼相和呢? 信主的和不信主的有甚麼相干呢?
傳教士應該很清楚, 他們的國家是在霸佔別人的地方. 他們要麼效忠自己的國家, 要麼做個真正的傳教士和基督徒.
“聖經新約馬太福音”第6章24節很清楚的說: 一個人不能事奉兩個主. 不是惡這個, 愛那個; 就是重這個, 輕那個. 你們不能又事奉神, 又事奉瑪門. 這個瑪門, 就是傳教士各自的國家.
該作者繼續說, 他們認為 ,鴉片戰爭是基督教國家與敵基督之戰, 並且, 整場戰爭之所以發生, 實完全基于中國人愚昧無知, 狂妄自大,並且抗拒福音所導致的. 所以戰爭彰顯了神在中國的主權, 他們視侵略中國為執行神的旨意.
中國人愚昧無知, 狂妄自大, 這點筆者同意. 但現在是恩典時代, 不是律法時代. 在律法時代, 神直接介入人類歷史, 並立即審判某一人或某一族. 恩典時代卻不同, 神只是間接透過聖靈與禱告和各人交通, 是單獨的一個人, 而不是群體的. 而且神的審判是在耶穌基督再來的時刻. 在人活着的時候, 神只是依着個人的行為賞罰各人及試探各人. 聖經從未說過, 在恩典時代, 神要某一群體替神展開聖戰及審判另一群體. 所謂侵略中國為執行神的旨意, 等於以牙還牙, 以眼還眼, 回到律法時代. 這點傳教士應該比別人更清楚.
“聖經新約羅馬書”第5章20節曰: 律法本是外添的, 叫過犯顯多. 只是罪在那里顯多, 恩典就更顯多了.
“聖經新約羅馬書”第6章1和2節曰: 這樣怎麼說呢? 我們可以仍在罪中, 叫恩典顯多嗎? 斷乎不可! 我們在罪上死了的人, 豈可仍在罪中活着呢?
這些基督教國家及傳教士 ,難道不知本身是在罪上死了的人, 而不可仍在罪中活着?
最後, 筆者以幾節聖經經文與讀者分享:
(1) 聖經新約馬太福音第10 章11至14節曰: 你們無論進那一城, 那一村, 要打聽那里誰是好人, 就住在他家,直住到走的時候. 那家若配得平安, 你們所求的平安,就必臨到那家. 若不配得, 你們所求的平安仍歸你們. 凡不接待你們, 不聽你們的話, 你們離開那家或那城的時候,就把腳上的塵土跺下去.
(2) 聖經新約馬太福音第15章13至14節曰:耶穌回答說, 凡栽種的物, 若不是我天父栽種的, 必要拔出來. 任憑他們吧, 他們是瞎子领瞎子, 兩個人都要掉在坑里.
(3) 聖經舊約申命記第32章13至14節曰: 他們失腳的時候, 伸冤報應在我, 因他們遭灾的日子近了. 那要臨在他們身上的,必速速來到. 耶和華見他百姓毫無能力, 無論困住的, 自由的, 都沒有剩下, 就必為他們伸冤, 為他的僕人後悔.
(4) 聖經新約羅馬書第12章12至20節曰 :不要以惡報恶. 眾人以為美的事, 要留心去作. 若是能行, 總要儘力與眾人和睦. 親愛的第兄, 不要自己伸冤. 寧可 讓步, 聽憑主怒. 因為經上記着說: 主說, 申冤在我, 我必報應.
(5) 聖經新約彼得前書第3章14節曰: 你們就是為義受苦, 也是有福的. 不要怕人的威嚇, 也不要驚慌.
(6) 聖經舊約以賽亞書第29章13節曰: 因為這百姓親近我,用嘴唇尊敬我, 心卻遠離我. 他們敬畏我 ,不過是领受人的吩咐.
(7) 聖經新約歌羅西書第4章25節曰: 那行不義的,必受不義的報應. 主不偏待人.
(8) 聖經新約彼得前書第4章17節曰: 因為時候到了,審判要從神的家起首. 若是先從我們起首, 那不信從神福音的人將有何等的結局呢?
(9) 聖經新約啟示錄第21章12至15節曰: 我又看見死了的人, 無論大小, 都站在寶座前. 案卷展開了, 並且另有一卷展開, 就是生命冊. 死了的人,都憑着這些案卷所記載的, 照他們所行的受審判. 於是海交出其中的死人, 死亡和陰間也交出其中的死人, 他們都照各人所行的受審判. 死亡和陰間也被扔在火湖里,這火湖就是第二次的死. 若有人名字沒記在生命冊上, 他就被扔在火湖里.
2009年8月31日 星期一
Yahid and Yahad
在＂三一神論＂（ 中國與福音出版社） 第83 頁如此云： 聖父， 聖子， 聖靈之間的合一， 不是單獨個體冷酷的＂一＂； 是有溫暖愛情彼此相交的＂一＂． 在希伯來文中的字是yahad, 聖父， 聖子， 聖靈之間的合而為一的＂一＂ 是一個本質的一． 是創造者之間不同位格的合一． 另外一個字是yahid, 是單獨, 冷酷的, 冷冰冰的一, 與人沒有關係的＂一＂， 這個不是三位一體 所用的字; 但在12世紀時被提出來使用，所以從12世紀一直到現在， 這七 ，八百年， 猶太人完全沒有辦法瞭解三位一體． 因為他們被這個字yahid害死, 他們不回到聖經，而用yahid來描寫上帝的獨一, 冷冰冰, 單獨的個體, 沒有愛的一是個＂單獨的一＂， 而不是＂相合的一＂． 但是聖經告訴我們: 以色列啊！ 你要聽， 我們的上帝是獨一的上帝． 這個＂獨一＂是用yahad.. 當聖經告訴我們: 二人成為一體 的時候， 那個＂一＂是yahad.
在網上有一篇名為The Trinity of God的文章， 該作者如此寫到：
Echad, meaning a compound unity, several composites which make a whole or a combine “I”. We can define this word's usage in passages such as:
Genesis 1:5 : And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first (echad) day.”
Echad is also found in Genesis 2:24 where we read:
Genisis 2:24 : “Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one (echad) flesh.”
Echad is also used of God in Deuteronomy 6:4 and in many other passages that refer to the compound unity of the Godhead. When we compare Echad as used in other passages to Deuteronomy 6:4, we see that God is not an absolute One but a compound unity. This unity is made up of three Persons. Just as Day is made up of evening and morning, and one flesh is made up of man and wife, the Godhead is composed of Father, Son, and Spirit.
上述兩篇文章相同 把yahad (echad) 當為＂合一＂ (compound unity). 到底這個字的意思是甚麼？ 讓我們來看看幾本聖經字典：
(1) The New Strong's Concise Dictionary of Bible Words
此字Strong 編號為259(yahad): a numeral from 258; properly united, ex. One; or (as
an ordinal ) first. KJV 譯為 a , alike, alone, altogether, any, anything, apiece, a certain, each one, eleven, every, few, first, highway, a man, once, one, only, other, some, together． 258註釋為：perhaps a primitive root; to unity, ex. (figuratively) collect (one's thoughts).KJV 譯為 go one way or other. 整句譯文為 Ezek 21:16 : Go thee one way or other, either on the right hand, or on the left, whithersoever thy face is set.
(2) The Stongest Strong's Exhoustive Concordance of the Bible
259: (adjective numeral); one; a certain one; first. 此字在KJV中譯為one 681 次, a 60次, first 37 次, another 35 次, other 31次, any 15次, once 11次, certain 9次, each 8次, every 7次, some 7次, an 5次, alone 4次, every one 3次, few 3次, somewhat 3次, only 2次, apiece 1次, at once 1次, each man 1次, man 1次, one manner 1次, one thing 1次, the 1次.
上述兩本字典告訴我們，yahad只是單純的一， 亦可譯為few等等． 列舉幾個例子:
Gen 2:21 : And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept; and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead threof;
亞當的肋骨， 難道是 相合的一 嗎?
Gen 2:24 : Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh.
這裡所謂的one flesh, 是可以被分開的．
Da 11:20 : Then shall stand up in his estate a raiser of taxes in the glory of the kingdom: but within few days he shall be destroyed, neither in anger, nor in battle.
A few days 是由幾天組成的. 換句話說 , 是由分別不同的一天聯合起來, 而這個 ＂聯合＂是各自可以分為一天的．
這些＂聯合的一＂， 不像主張三位一體的人所說的， 即三個位格在本質上是不能被分割的．
(3) 聖經原文字典
其字義為一， 一樣， 一個， 第一， 單一， 一致的． 和合本譯為一654次, 每42次, 這23次, 一隻21次, 一個20次, 那13次, 一樣11次, 各10次, 同10次, 初一5次, 元5次, 一個人5次, 第一個2次, 第一行2次 別2次, 共2次, 一塊2次, 一棵2次, 一件2次, 頭一1次, 獨一1次, 斉1次, 盡1次, 幾1次, 這個人1次, 這個1次, 第一道1次, 第一1次, 特1次, 個1次, 相同1次, 長1次, 孤單1次, 孤身1次, 些1次, 立1次, 正1次, 一條1次, 一位1次, 總共是855次.
(4) 聖經原文串珠註解
此字編號為0023, 字義頭一. ' 頭一' ( 創1:5); 原文字義是數字之一 ，每一， 唯一， 第一， 一次等意思． 七十士譯本將Hebrew 0259 多譯成Greek 1520．.Hebrew 0259 在七十士譯本以Greek 1520表達． Greek 1520 在新約中譯為一(太5:18); 七十士譯本與新約中此字強調用法是' 同一個'． 例 : 創11:1 的 ＂都是一樣＂， 利22:28的＂同日＂， 路12:52的＂一家＂， 羅15:6的＂一口＂等．
(5) New International of Old Testament Theology & Exegesis (Volume 1)
此字GK編號為285. 其意為 (ehad), construct (ahad), adjective one (cardinal number),first (ordinal number), each, a certain, only, once, first, a few. 其意大致上可以分為六種：
(I) Joshua 12:9 : the king of Jerico one; the king of Ai (near Bethel) one;
12:10 : the king of Jerusalem one; the king of Hebron one;
12:11 : the king of Jarmuth one; the king of Lachish one;
12:12 : the king of Eglon one; the king of Gezer one;
12:13 : the king of Debir one; the king of Geder one;
12:14 : the king of Hormah one; the king of Arad one;
12:15 : the king of Libnah one; the king of Adullam one;
12:16 : the king of Makkedah one; the king of Bethel one;
12:17 : the king of Tappuah one; the king of Hepher one;
12:18 : the king of Aphek one; the king of Lasharon one;
12:19 : the king of Madon one; the king of Hazor one;
12:20 : the king of Shimron Meron one; the king of Acshaph one;
12:21 : the king of Taanach one; the king of Megiddo one;
12:22 : the king of Kedesh one; the king of Jokneam in Carmel
one;
12:23 : the king of Dor (in Naphoth Dor) one, the king of Goyim in
Gilgal one;
12:24 : the king of Tirzah one; thirty one kings in all
上述所列出的每一個王， 全被約書亞和以色列人所擊殺． 這每一個王 ， 難道是Compound unity 的人嗎？ 或許有人說， 這些王不是全都由靈， 魂， 體組成． 這不是compound unity 嗎？ 讓我們看看下列經文：
創3:19 : 你必汗流滿面才得餬口， 直到你歸了土． 因為你是從土而出的; 你本是塵土, 仍要歸塵土．
伯34:19 : 他若專心為己， 將靈(GK8120)和氣收歸自己．
箴 23:14 : 你要用杖打他， 就可以救他的靈魂(原文作魂soul, GK5883), 免下地獄．
太10:28 : 那殺身體的，不能殺靈魂(原文作魂, soul, GK6034)的， 不要怕他們． 惟有能把身體和靈魂(同上)都滅在地獄裏的， 正要怕他．
彼一1:9 : 並且得這著你們的信心的果效， 就是靈魂, (原文作魂,soul, GK6034)的救恩．
此處我們得知人死後， 身體歸回土， 靈被神收去， 魂則下地獄或上天堂． 這也就是說， 一個人死後， 靈， 魂， 體是可以分開的， 並不是永遠的合一 ．
(II) Gen 1:5 : And there was evening, and there was morning-the first day.
Gen 8:13 : By the first day of the first month of Noah's six hundred and first year, the water
had dried up from the earth.
Exod 40:17 : So the tabernacle was set up on the first day of the first month in the secon year.
2 Chron 29:17 : They began the consecration on the first day of the first month, and by the eighth day of the month they reached the portico of the Lord.
此處的yahad是指第一(the first), 而非compound unity. ＂第一＂和＂相合的一＂畢竟不同． 但主張三位一體的人硬把第一說成compound unity.
(III) 2 Kgs 3:11 An officer of the king of Israel answered, “Elisha son of Shaphat
is here. He used to pour water on the hands of Elija.
2 Kgs 6:12 : “None of us, my lord the king,” said one of his officers,” said one of his offices, “ but Elisha, the prophet who is in Israel, tells the king of Israel the very words you speek in you bedroom.”
2 Kgs 4:22 : “Please send me one of the servants and a donkey so I can go to the man of God quickly and return.”
Isa 51:2 : look to Abraham your father, and to Sarah, who gave you birth . When I called him he was but one, and I bless him and made him many.
Josh 23:10 : One of you rout a thousand because the Lord your God fights for you, just as he promised.
1 Kgs 8:56 : Not one word has failed of all the good promises he gave through his servant Moses.
Isa 4:1 : In that day seven women will take hold of one man and say, “We will eat our own food and provide our own clothes; only let us be called by your name, Take away our disgrace!
Ps 14:3 : All have turned aside, they have together become corrupt; there is no one who dose good, not even one
Ps 14:3 : All have turned aside, they have together become corrupt, there is no one who does good, not even one.
Eccl 7:28 : while I was still searching but not finding – I found one upright man among a thousand, but not one upright woman among them all.
從上述經文， 可知所謂的＂一＂，只是單純的＂一＂ 並沒有所謂的
＂相合的一＂.
( IV ) Gen 44:27-28 : “Your servant my father said to us, 'You know that my wife
bore me two sons. One of them went away from me', and I said, ' he has surely been torn to pieces'. And I have not seen him since.
Deut 21:15 : If a man has two wifes, and he loves one but not the other, and both bear him sons but firstborn is the son of the wife he does not love,
Zec 8:21 : and the inhabitants of one city will go to another and say, “ Let us go at once to entreat the Lord and seek the Lord Almight. I myself am going.”
Gen 2:24 : For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his
wife, and they will become one flesh.
Gen 11:1 Now the whole world had one language and a common speech.
Gen 11:6 : The Lord said, “If as one people speaking the same language they have began to do this, then nothing they plan to do this, then nothing they plan to do will be impossible for them.
Exdo 24:3 : When Moses went and told the people all the Lord's words and laws, they responded with one voice, “Everything the Lord has said we will do.
Judg 20:1 : Then all the Israelites from Dan to Beersheba and from the land of Gilead came out as one man and assembled before the Lord in Mizpah
Ezra 3:1 : When the seventh month came and the Israeslites had settled in their towns, the people assembled as one man in Jerusalem.
Exdo 12:49 : The same law applies to the native-born and to the alien living among you.
2 Sam 12:1 : The Lord sent Nathan to David. When he came to him, he said, “ There were two men in a certain town, one rich and the other poor.
Judg 21:3 : “O Lord, the God of Israel,” they cried, “why has this happened to Israel? Why should one tribe be missing from Israel today?”
1 Kgs 11:13 : Yet I will not tear the whole kingdom from him, but will give him one for the sake of David my servant and for the sake of Jerusalem, which I have chosen.
Hos 1:11 : The people of Judah and the people of Israel will be reunited, and they will appoint one leader and will come up out of the land, for great will be the day of Zezreel.
Ezek 34:23 : I will place over them one shepherd, my servant David, and he will tend them; he will then tend them and be their sheperd.
Ezek 11:19 : I will give them an undivided heart and put a new spirit in them; I will remove from them their heart of sone and give them a heart of flesh.
上面經文的yahad都有一共同點， 即描寫多人， 其他事物或東西中的＂一＂． 既然是在多數裡面的＂一＂， 又怎會是＂相合的一＂呢？ 讓我們再看回上述的經文， 留意下列句中的情形：
Gen 44:27-28 : one of them
Zech 8:21 : inhabitants of one city
Gen 11:6 : one people speaking the same language they have began to do this,
2 Sam 12:1 : two man ia a certain town, one rich and other poor
Judg 21:3 : one tribe be missing from Israel
Hos 1:11 : and they will appoint one
Ezek 34:23 : place over them one shepherd
Ezek 11:19 : give them an undivided heart.........their heart
Deut 21:15 : he loves one but not the other
Gen 2:24 : they will become one flesh
Gen 11:1 : one language and a common speech
Exdo 24:3 : they responded with one voice
Ezra 3:1 : the people assembled as one man
Judg 20:1 : All Israelites ......came out as one man
Exdo 12:49 : The same law applies.......among you
1 Kgs 11:13 : not tear the whole kingdom ...., but give him one tribe
很明顯的， 這個＂一＂是多數中的＂一＂， 而非多數＂ 位格＂ 合起來的＂一 體＂．
(V) Eccl 4:9 : Two are better than one because they have a good return for their work.
Eccl 4:10 : If one falls down, his friend can help him. But pity the man who falls and has no one to help him up!
Eccl 4:11 : Also, if two lie down together, they will keep warm. But how can one keep warm alone?
Job 31:15 : Did not he who made me in the womb make them? Did not the same one form us both within our mothers?
以上經文都有一相同之處， 即二者中的一個＂一＂， 並非 ＂相合的一＂．
(VI) Deut 6:4 : Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one.
在the Apostolic Bible Polyglot 舊約第266頁及新約第72的句子和Strong 編號如下：
Deut 6:4 : Hear(191), O Israel(3588)! The Lord(2962) our God(2316-1473) is(1510.2.3) one(1520) Lord(2962).
Mark 12:29 : O(3588) And(1161) Jesus answered(611) to him(1473) that(3754); Foremost(4413) of all(3956) of(3588) the commandments(1785), Hear(191), O Israel(3588)! The Lord(2962) our God(2316-1473) is(1510.2.3) one(1520) Lord(2962).
此處我們看到舊約和新約的＂一＂字， 都是同樣的， 即S1520, 相當於GK1651. 參考Complete Expository Dictionary of Old & New Testament Words, 希臘文為heis, 其註解如下:
heis is the cardinal number “one”. It can be used simply to count items. It may also be used as the last part of a complex number, like the “forty lashes minus one” that Paul received (2 Cor. 11:24). heir is occasionally also used like an ordinal number, as in “the first woe” (Rev. 9:12) and the common NT phrase “on the first day of the week”(Lk. 24:1; Jn. 20:1; Act 20:7; 1 Cor. 16:2).
heis is also used to indicate the singularity of something, thus emphasizing that there is but only one. Paul explains that only one runner receives a prize(1 Cor. 9:24) and that the law can be summed up with only one statement (Gal. 5:14). Jesus criticizes the Pharisees for going to great lengths to gain one singer convert (Mt. 23:15). He condemns a person who breaks even one of the smallest commandments(Mt. 5:19). It was through only one man (Rom.5:12,16,17) and because of only one sin (5:18) that condemnation befell humanity. Yet Christ was the one --- and the only one --- who died for all (2 Cor. 5:14); He was the one man through whom many become righteous (Rom. 5:15, 19). According to Paul, a qualification of an elder is that he must be “the husband of one wife” (Tit. 1:6). John uses heis symbolically to depict the rapidity of Babylon's fall: “in only one day” she is overtaken with plagues (Rev. 18:8), andd “in only one hour” she faces judgment and ruin (Rev. 18:10, 19).
Many of the NT uses of heis refer to the singularity of God --- “one God” (Rom. 3:30; 1 Cor. 8:4, 6; Gal. 3:20; Eph. 4:6; 1 Tim. 2:5). Many other uses explain the unity of the body of Christ. Paul reminds his readers that they, as participants of the Christian church, one members of “one body” (Rom. 12:4, 5; 1 Cor. 10:17; 12:12-20; Gal. 3:23; Col. 3:5; cf. Jn. 17:21-23), and he thus encourages them to be “one in spirit” (Phil. 1:27; 2:2). In the church there is only “one” hope, Lord, faith, and baptism (Eph 4:4-6). A similar unity results when a man and a woman join in marriage to become “one flesh” (1 Cor. 6:16; Eph 5:31).
heis can be used less like a numerical indicator and more like an indefinite pronoun or indefinite article. For example, Matthew uses heis to describe “a (certain) scribe” (Mt. 8:19) and “a man” (Mt. 19:16). heis may also describe “each person” (Col. 4:6), “each one of you” (Eph. 5:33), “each of them” (Acts 21:26), or “anything” (Jn. 1:3).
The Analitical Lexicon to the Greek New Testament 對GK1651 的解釋如下：:
numeral one, Matt 10:29; only, Mark12:6; one virtually by union, Matt 19:5,6; John 10:30; one and the same, Luke 12:52; Rom 3:30; one in respect of office and standing, 1Cor 3:8; a certain one, Matt 8:19; 16:14; a. am. Matt 21:19; James 4:13; each one, everyone, Luke 4:40; Act 2:3; one another, 1 Thess 5:11; the one and the other, Matt 20:21; one by one, one after another, in succession, Mark 14:19; John 8:9; as an ordinal, first, Matt 28:1.4．
兩者解釋都一樣, 即單純的＂一＂． 從GK1651/S1520的用法， 可看得更清楚.
(經文引自NIV, Concordance 則摘自The Apostolic Bible Polyglot --- 英譯七十士譯本)． 由於此字(S1520/GK1651)在聖經用得很多，故只選＂申命記＂和＂馬可福音＂兩本書．
Dt 1:3 : In the fortieth year, on the first day of the eleventh month, Moses proclaimed to the Israelites all that the Lord had commanded him concerning them.
Dt 1:23 : The idea seemed good to me; so I selected twelve of you, one man from each tribe.
Dt 4:42 : to which anyone who had killed a person could flee if he had unintentionally killed his neighbor without malice aforethought. He could flee into one of these cities and save his life.
Dt 6:4 : Hear, O Israel : The Lord our God, the Lord is one.
Dt 12:14 : Offer them only at the place the Lord will choose in one of your tribes, and there observe everything I command you.
Dt 13:12 : If you hear it said about one of the towns the Lord your God is giving you to live in
Dt 15:7 : If there is a poor man among your brothers in any of the towns of the land that the Lord your God is giving you, do not be hardhearted or tighfisted toward your poor brother.
Dt 17:2 : If a man or woman living among you in one of the towns the Lord gives you is found evil in the eyes of the Lord your God in violation of his covenant,
Dt 17:6 : On the testimony of two or three witnesses a man shall be put to death, but none shall be put to death on the testimony of only one withness
Dt 18:6 : If a Levite moves from one of your towns anywhere in Israel where he is living, and comes in all earnestness to the place the Lord will choose,
Dt 19:5 : For instance, a man may go into the forest with his neigbor to cut wood, and as he swings his ax to fell a tree, the head may fly off and hit his neighbor and kill him. That man may flee to one of these cities and save his life.
Dt 19:11 : But if a man hates his neighbor and lies in wait for him, assaults and kills him, and then flees to one of these cities,
Dt 19:15 : One witness is not enough to convict a man accused of any crime or offence he may have committed. A matter must be establised by the testimony of two or three witnesses.
Dt 21:15 : If a man has two wives, and his loves one but not the other, and both bear him sons but the firstborn is the son of the wife he does not love,
Dt 24:5 : If a man has recently married, he must not be sent to war or have any other duty laid on him. For one year he is to be free to stay at home and bring happiness to the wife he has married.
Dt 25:5 : If brothers are living together and one of them dies without a son, his widow must not marry outside the family. Her husband's brother shall take her and marry her and fulfill the duty of a brother-in-law to her
Dt 25:9 : the brother's widow shall go up to him in the presence of the elders, take off one of his sandals, spit in his face and say, “This is what is done to the man who will not build up his brother's family line.
Dt 25:11 If two man are fighting and the wife of one of them comes to rescue her husband from his assailant, and she reaches out and seizes him by his private parts,
Dt 28:7 : The Lord will grant that the enemies who rise up against you will be defeated before you. They will come at you from one direction but flee from them in seven,
Dt 28:55 : and he will not give to one of them any of the flesh of his children that he is eating. It will be all he has left because of the suffering your enemy will inflict on you during the siege of all your cities.
Dt 32:30 : How could one man chase a thousand, or two put ten thousand to flight, unless their Rock had sold them, unless the Lord had given them up?
Mk 2:7 : Why does this fellow talk like that? He's blaspheming! Who can forgive sins
but God alone?
Mk 4:8 : And other fell into the good earth, and gave fruit ascending and growing, and one bore thirty, and one sixty, and one a hundred.
Mk 4:20 : Others, like seed sown on good soil, hear the word, accept it, and produce a crop --- thirty, sicty or even a hundred times what was sown.
Mk 5:22 : Then one of the synagogue rulers, named Jairus, came there. Seeing Jesus, he fell at his feet
Mk 6:15 : Others said, “He is Elijah.” And still others claimed, “He is a prophet, like one of the prophets of long ago.
Mk 8:14 : The disciples had forgetten to bring bread, except for one loaf they had with
them in the boat.
Mk 8:28 : They replied, “Some say John the Baptist; others said Elijah; and still others,
one of the prophets.”
Mk 9:5 : Peter said to Jesus, “Rabbi, it is good for us to be here. Let us put up three shelters --- one for you, one for Moses and one for Elijah.”.
Mk 9:17 : A man in the crowd answered, “Teacher, I brought you my son, who is possessed by a spirit that has robbed him of speech.
Mk 9:37 : Whoever welcomes one of these little children in my name welcomes me; and whoever welcomes me does not welcome me but the one who sent me.”
Mk 9:42 : And if anyone causes one of these little ones who believe in me to sin, it would be better for him to be thrown into the sea with a large millstone tied around his neck.
Mk 10:8 : and the two become one flesh. So they are no longer two, but one.
Mk 10:17 : As Jesus started on his way, a man ran up to him and fell on his knees before him. “Good teacher, “ he asked, “what must I do to inherit eternal life?
Mk 10:18 : “Why do you call me good? “ Jesus answered. “No one is good --- except God alone.
Mk 10:21 Jesus looked at him and loved him “One thing you lake,” he said, “Go, sell everthing you have and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. Then come, follow me.”
Mk 10:37 : They replied, “Let one of us sit at your right and the other at your left in your glory.”
Mk 11:29 : Jesus replied, “I will ask you one question. Answer me, and I will tell you by what authority I am doing these thing.
Mk 12:6 : “He had one left to send, a son, whom he loved. He sent him last of all, saying, “They will respect my son.”
Mk 12:28 : One of the teachers of the law came and heard them debating.: Noticing that Jesus had given them a good answer, he asked him, “Of all the commandments, which is the most important?”
Mk 12:29 : “The most important one,” answered Jesus, “is this: “hear, O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is one.
Mk 12:32 : “Well said, teacher,”the man replied. “You are right in saying that God is one and there is no other but him.
Mk 12:42 But a poor widow came and put in two very small coppper coins, worth only a fraction of a penny.
Mk 13:1 As he was leaving the temple, one of his disciples said to him, “Look, Teacher! What massive stone! What magnificent building!”
Mk 14:10 : Then Judas Iscariot, one of the Twelve, went to the chief priests to betray
Jesus to them.
Mk 14:18 While they were reclining at the table eating, he said, “:I tell you the truth, one of you will betray me --- one who is eating with me.”
Mk 14:19 : They were saddened, and one by one they said to him, “Surely not I?”
Mk 14:20 : “It is one of the Twelve, “ he replied, “one who dips bread into the bowl with me.
Mk 14:37 : Then he returned to his disciples amd found them sleeping, “Simon, “ he said to Peter, “are you asleep? Could you not keep watch for one hour?
Mk 14:43 : Just as he was speaking, Judas, one of the Twelve, appeared. With him was a crowd armed with swords and clubs, sent from the chief priests, the teachers of the law, and the elders.
Mk 14:47 : The one of them standing near drew his sword and struck the servant of the high priest, cutting off his ear.
Mk 14:51 : And one certain young man follows him, having put on a fine linen garment upoun his naked body, and the young man seized him.
Mk 14:66 : While Peter was below in the courtyard, one of the servant girls of the high priset came by.
Mk 15:6 : Now it was the custom at the Feast to release a prisoner whom the people requested
Mk 15:27 : They crucified two robbers with him, one on his right and one on his left.
Mk 15:36 : And one having run and filled the sponge with vinegar, and having put it on also a reed, gave him to drink, saying, Allow it! We should see if Elizah comes to lower him.
Mk 16:2 : Very early on the frist day of the week, just after sunrise, they were on their way to the tomb.
現在讓我們來看看yahid這個字的意義． 其Strong編號為3173, Gk編號為3495．.
(I) The Complete Word Study Dictionary Old Testament
An adjective meaning sole, only, solitary. This word is frequently used to refer to an only child. Isaacc was Abraham's only son by Sarah (Gen 22:2, 12, 16). Jepthah's daughter was his only child, who came running out to greet him after his vow to sacrifice first thing to come out of his door (Judg. 11:34). The father of an only child began teaching him wisdom when he was very young (Prov 4:3). Mourning an only child was considered an especially grievous sorrow (Jer. 6:26, Amos 8:10, Zech 12:10). The feminine form is used parallel to life or soul, portraying the precious, only life we are given (Ps22:20,21; 35:17). It is also used to mean lonely or alone (Ps 25:16; 68:6,7).
(II) 聖經原文字典
獨一的, 孤獨的. 和合本譯為獨身的3次, 獨身子3次, 孤獨2次, 獨一的1次, 生
命1次; 總供10次.
(III) Hebrew Greek Key Study Bible
Yahiyd : from Yahad (GK3480), together, only, a lone, forsaken. Denotes an only child (Jdg 11:34; Jer 6:26; Am 8:10; Zec 12:10) or one esepecially beloved (Gen 22:2,12,16). . The Septuagint does not tender yahiyd in Genesis 22 with the Greek word monogenes (GK3666), one and only, but with agapetos (GK28), dearly loved likely because Isaac had a half-brother (Ishmael). In reference to Jephthah's daughter, however, the Septuagint does use the word monogenes (Judg 11:34). Yahiyd also means solitary or isolated (Pr 4:3).
(IV) The New Strong's Concise Dictionary of Bible Words
Properly united, i.e, sole; by implied beloved; also lonely; (feminine) the life(as
not to be replaced). KJV譯為darling, desolate, only (child, son), solitary.
(V) New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology & Exegesis (Volume 2)
Adjective only one, abandoned. The adjective appers 11x. It is related to 'ehad, one, and yahad, together. Yahid signifies “only(one)” in Gen 22:2, 12, 16; Judg 11:34. The expression in mourning as for an onely son (Jer 6:26; Amos 8:10; Zech 12:10) relates death and the end of the family line, therfore the death of the son signifies a terrrible catastropice (compare Jer 31:15). The meaning desolate or abandoned is foud in Ps 25:16; 68:6, 7. In 25:16, the psalmist laments that he iss “lonely (yahid) and afficted (an I).. Having been abandoned by his friends, he puts his hope in the Lord. The confirmation of this hope finds expression in 68:6,7, according to which the abandoned and lonely people will enjoy the relationship within the family, whereas the wicked will experience abandonment “in a sun-scorched land”.
(VI) The Strongest Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of The Bible
only son, only child (special and unique to the parents); precious life; alone, solitary. KJV譯為only 7次, darling 2次, child 1次, solitary 1次.
(V) The Strongest NIV Exhaustive Concordance
Only son, only child (special and unique to the parents); precious life; alone, solitary.
在NIV 中譯為only son 5次, only child 3次, longly 2次, precious life 2次.
(VI) 聖經原文串珠註解
其編號為0501. 其意為獨生的， 譯為獨生的(創22:2); 形容詞， 有譯為獨一的(箴4:3); 孤獨的(詩68:6); 孤獨(詩25:16); 獨生子(耶6:26, 摩8:10; 亞12:10); 生命(詩22:20; 35:17).
在七十世譯本之Codex Vaticanus 中． S3173/GK3495 以希臘文S3439/GK3666 來代替.
The Complete Word Study Dictionary – New Testament, 其對S3439/GK3666的解釋如下:
genitice monogenous , masculine feminine, neuter monogenon, from monos (S3431), only, and genos (S1085), stock. Unique, one of kind, one and only. The only one of the family (Luke 7:23 referring to the only son of his mother; 8:42, the daughter of Jairus; Luke 9:38, the demoniac boy). John also uses monogenes to describe the relation of Jesus to God the Fatheer, presenting Him as the unique one, the only one (monos) of a class or kind (genos), in the discussion of the relationship of the Son to the Father (John 1:14, 18; 3:16, 18: 1 John 4:9).
在舊約Masoretic 之 The Biblia Hebraica Stuttgarteusia 中 ，S3173/GK3495 與七十士譯本之Codex Vaticanus S3439/GK3666 有所出入 ．七十士譯本之S3439在舊約中出現4次， 即Jdg 11:34, Ps 22:20, 25:16, 35:17. Masoretic 之S3173/GK3495 則出現12次 . 在七十士譯本中， 新舊約皆用S3439(等同GK3666). 茲將兩者合一以觀其用法:
Gen 22:2 : Then God said, “Take your son, your only son(S3173/GK3495), whom you love,
and go to the region of Moriah. Sacrifice him here as a burnt offering on one of the mountains I will tell you about..
Gen 22:12 : “Do not lay a hand on the boy,” he said, “Do not do anything to him. Now I know that you fear God, because you have not withheld from me your son, your only son(S3173/GK3495).
Gen 22:16 : and said, “I swear by myself, declares the Lord, that because you have done this and have not withheld your son, your only son(S3173/GK3495).
Jdg 11:34 : When Jephthah returned to his home in Mizpah, who should come out to meet him but his daughter, dancing to the sound of tambourines! She was an only child(S3173/GK3495). Except for her he had neither son nor daughter.
Ps 22:20 : Deliver my life from the sword, my precious life(S3173/GK3495) from the power of the dogs.
Ps 25:16 : Turn to me and be gracious to me, for I am lonely(S3173/GK3495) and afflicated.
Ps 35:17 : O Lord, how long will you look on? Rescue my life from their ravages, my precious life(S3173/GK3495) from this lions.
Ps 68:6 : God sets the lonely(S3173/GK3495) in families, he leads forth the prisoners with singing; but the rebellious live in a sun-scorched land.
Pr 4:3 : When I was a a boy in my father's house, still tender, and an only child (S3173/GK3495), of my mother,
Jer 6:26 : O my people, put on sackcloth and roll in ashes; mourn with bitter wailing as for an only son(S3173/GK3495) for suddenly the destroyer will come upon us.
Am 8:10 : I will turn your religious feasts into mourning and all your singing into weeping. I will make all of you wear sackcloth and shave your heads. I will make that time like mourning for an only son(S3173/GK3495) and the end of it like a bitter day.
Zec 12:10 : And I will pour out on the house of David and the inhabitants of Jerusalem a spirit of grace and supplication. They will look on me, the one they have pierced, and they will mourn for him as one mouns for an only child(S3173/GK3495),.
Lk 7:12 : As he approached the town gate, a dead person was being carried out --- the only (S3439/GK3666) son of his mother, and she was a widow. And a large crowd from the town was with her.
Lk 8:42 : because his only(S3439/GK3666) daughter, a girl of about twelve, was dying. As Jesus was on his way, the crowds almost crushed him.
Lk 9:38 : A man in the crowd called out, “Teacher, I beg you to look at my son, for he is my only(S3439/GK3666) child.
Jn 1:14 : The Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us. We have seen his glory, the glory of the One and Only(S3439/GK3666) who came from the Father, full of grace and truth.
Jn 1:18 : No one has ever seen God, but God the One and Only(S3439/GK3666), who is at the Father's side, has made him known.
Jn 3:16 : For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only(S3439/GK3666) Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life.
Jn 3:18 : Whoever believes in him is not condemned, but whoever does not believe stands condemned already because he has not believed in the name of God's one and only(S3439/GK3666) Son.
Heb 11:17 : By faith Abraham, when God tested him, offered Isaac as a sacrifice. He who had received the promises was about to sacrifice his one and only(S3439/GK3666) son
1 Jn 4:9 : This is how God showed his love among us: He sent his one and only (S3439/GK3666) Son into the world that we might live through him.
總的來說, yahad 只是單純的”one”, 而yahid 卻是”only” 而已. 這個only, 通常帶有珍貴, 憐憫或愛的成份. 讓我們重看上述的例子:
Gen 22:2 : your only son --- 指亞伯拉罕所愛的以撒.
Gen 22:12 : only son --- 指亞伯拉罕所鐘愛的以撒.
Gen 22:16 : only son --- 也是指以撒.
Jdg 11:34 : only child --- 指Jephthah所喜愛的女兒.
Ps 22:20 : precious life --- 指珍貴的生命.
Ps 25:16 : 因lonely 而向神求gracious.
Ps 32:17 : precious life 指珍貴的生命.
Ps 68:6 : 神使lonely的有家, 被囚的singing.
Pr 4:3 : only child of my mother, 即母親獨一的愛子.
Jer 6:26 : mourn your only son --- 為愛子痛哭.
Am 8:10 : mourning for an only son --- 為愛子哭號.
Zec 12:10 : the only child --- 指耶穌, 神的愛子.
Lk 7:12 : 主憐憫喪子而哭的寡婦.
Lk 8:42 : 睚魯所愛的獨生女.
Lk 9:38 : 求主看顧愛子.
Jn 1:14 : 從天父來的獨生子, 即耶穌.
Jn 1:18 : 在父懷裡的獨生子, 即耶穌.
Jn 3:16 : one and only son --- 指耶穌.
Jn 3:18 : 父的獨生子, 即耶穌.
Heb 11:17 : 亞伯拉罕獻上他所愛的兒子.
1 Jn 4:9 : He sent his one and only son --- 即耶穌.
Yahid在聖經中, 從來沒有指神或天父, 其他事物或東西; 只是描寫人而已, 包括道成肉身的耶穌. 每次指耶穌時, 都說他是獨身子, 人子或子. 這個only的描寫,是含有珍貴, 憐憫或愛的成份. 相反的, yahad是指＂一＂． 可以指神， 人， 東西， 事物等等， 且描寫的東西是可以分開的． 這已與三位一體的定義相違 : 三位一體是由三個合一的位格所合成． 這些位格不是分離的存在 (seperate existence), 而是完全合一的， 作為一位神． 但按神的本性而言， 三位一體是三個獨立存在 --- 父， 子及聖靈(慕迪神學手冊第191和192頁). 第193頁又說不是有三個一起存在或分開的個體， 而是在一個神聖之內， 有位格上的自我區分． 第193頁接著說， 三位都擁有神性屬性的總和， 而神在本質上沒有被分割．
. Yahid不是 ＂相合的一＂， 而是only, 更談不上是 沒有愛的單獨的一 (三一神論第83頁)．.Yahad 則是one． 兩者根本是不同意義，怎麼說是猶太人被這個字yahid 害死呢？.
在網上有一篇名為The Trinity of God的文章， 該作者如此寫到：
Echad, meaning a compound unity, several composites which make a whole or a combine “I”. We can define this word's usage in passages such as:
Genesis 1:5 : And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first (echad) day.”
Echad is also found in Genesis 2:24 where we read:
Genisis 2:24 : “Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one (echad) flesh.”
Echad is also used of God in Deuteronomy 6:4 and in many other passages that refer to the compound unity of the Godhead. When we compare Echad as used in other passages to Deuteronomy 6:4, we see that God is not an absolute One but a compound unity. This unity is made up of three Persons. Just as Day is made up of evening and morning, and one flesh is made up of man and wife, the Godhead is composed of Father, Son, and Spirit.
上述兩篇文章相同 把yahad (echad) 當為＂合一＂ (compound unity). 到底這個字的意思是甚麼？ 讓我們來看看幾本聖經字典：
(1) The New Strong's Concise Dictionary of Bible Words
此字Strong 編號為259(yahad): a numeral from 258; properly united, ex. One; or (as
an ordinal ) first. KJV 譯為 a , alike, alone, altogether, any, anything, apiece, a certain, each one, eleven, every, few, first, highway, a man, once, one, only, other, some, together． 258註釋為：perhaps a primitive root; to unity, ex. (figuratively) collect (one's thoughts).KJV 譯為 go one way or other. 整句譯文為 Ezek 21:16 : Go thee one way or other, either on the right hand, or on the left, whithersoever thy face is set.
(2) The Stongest Strong's Exhoustive Concordance of the Bible
259: (adjective numeral); one; a certain one; first. 此字在KJV中譯為one 681 次, a 60次, first 37 次, another 35 次, other 31次, any 15次, once 11次, certain 9次, each 8次, every 7次, some 7次, an 5次, alone 4次, every one 3次, few 3次, somewhat 3次, only 2次, apiece 1次, at once 1次, each man 1次, man 1次, one manner 1次, one thing 1次, the 1次.
上述兩本字典告訴我們，yahad只是單純的一， 亦可譯為few等等． 列舉幾個例子:
Gen 2:21 : And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept; and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead threof;
亞當的肋骨， 難道是 相合的一 嗎?
Gen 2:24 : Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh.
這裡所謂的one flesh, 是可以被分開的．
Da 11:20 : Then shall stand up in his estate a raiser of taxes in the glory of the kingdom: but within few days he shall be destroyed, neither in anger, nor in battle.
A few days 是由幾天組成的. 換句話說 , 是由分別不同的一天聯合起來, 而這個 ＂聯合＂是各自可以分為一天的．
這些＂聯合的一＂， 不像主張三位一體的人所說的， 即三個位格在本質上是不能被分割的．
(3) 聖經原文字典
其字義為一， 一樣， 一個， 第一， 單一， 一致的． 和合本譯為一654次, 每42次, 這23次, 一隻21次, 一個20次, 那13次, 一樣11次, 各10次, 同10次, 初一5次, 元5次, 一個人5次, 第一個2次, 第一行2次 別2次, 共2次, 一塊2次, 一棵2次, 一件2次, 頭一1次, 獨一1次, 斉1次, 盡1次, 幾1次, 這個人1次, 這個1次, 第一道1次, 第一1次, 特1次, 個1次, 相同1次, 長1次, 孤單1次, 孤身1次, 些1次, 立1次, 正1次, 一條1次, 一位1次, 總共是855次.
(4) 聖經原文串珠註解
此字編號為0023, 字義頭一. ' 頭一' ( 創1:5); 原文字義是數字之一 ，每一， 唯一， 第一， 一次等意思． 七十士譯本將Hebrew 0259 多譯成Greek 1520．.Hebrew 0259 在七十士譯本以Greek 1520表達． Greek 1520 在新約中譯為一(太5:18); 七十士譯本與新約中此字強調用法是' 同一個'． 例 : 創11:1 的 ＂都是一樣＂， 利22:28的＂同日＂， 路12:52的＂一家＂， 羅15:6的＂一口＂等．
(5) New International of Old Testament Theology & Exegesis (Volume 1)
此字GK編號為285. 其意為 (ehad), construct (ahad), adjective one (cardinal number),first (ordinal number), each, a certain, only, once, first, a few. 其意大致上可以分為六種：
(I) Joshua 12:9 : the king of Jerico one; the king of Ai (near Bethel) one;
12:10 : the king of Jerusalem one; the king of Hebron one;
12:11 : the king of Jarmuth one; the king of Lachish one;
12:12 : the king of Eglon one; the king of Gezer one;
12:13 : the king of Debir one; the king of Geder one;
12:14 : the king of Hormah one; the king of Arad one;
12:15 : the king of Libnah one; the king of Adullam one;
12:16 : the king of Makkedah one; the king of Bethel one;
12:17 : the king of Tappuah one; the king of Hepher one;
12:18 : the king of Aphek one; the king of Lasharon one;
12:19 : the king of Madon one; the king of Hazor one;
12:20 : the king of Shimron Meron one; the king of Acshaph one;
12:21 : the king of Taanach one; the king of Megiddo one;
12:22 : the king of Kedesh one; the king of Jokneam in Carmel
one;
12:23 : the king of Dor (in Naphoth Dor) one, the king of Goyim in
Gilgal one;
12:24 : the king of Tirzah one; thirty one kings in all
上述所列出的每一個王， 全被約書亞和以色列人所擊殺． 這每一個王 ， 難道是Compound unity 的人嗎？ 或許有人說， 這些王不是全都由靈， 魂， 體組成． 這不是compound unity 嗎？ 讓我們看看下列經文：
創3:19 : 你必汗流滿面才得餬口， 直到你歸了土． 因為你是從土而出的; 你本是塵土, 仍要歸塵土．
伯34:19 : 他若專心為己， 將靈(GK8120)和氣收歸自己．
箴 23:14 : 你要用杖打他， 就可以救他的靈魂(原文作魂soul, GK5883), 免下地獄．
太10:28 : 那殺身體的，不能殺靈魂(原文作魂, soul, GK6034)的， 不要怕他們． 惟有能把身體和靈魂(同上)都滅在地獄裏的， 正要怕他．
彼一1:9 : 並且得這著你們的信心的果效， 就是靈魂, (原文作魂,soul, GK6034)的救恩．
此處我們得知人死後， 身體歸回土， 靈被神收去， 魂則下地獄或上天堂． 這也就是說， 一個人死後， 靈， 魂， 體是可以分開的， 並不是永遠的合一 ．
(II) Gen 1:5 : And there was evening, and there was morning-the first day.
Gen 8:13 : By the first day of the first month of Noah's six hundred and first year, the water
had dried up from the earth.
Exod 40:17 : So the tabernacle was set up on the first day of the first month in the secon year.
2 Chron 29:17 : They began the consecration on the first day of the first month, and by the eighth day of the month they reached the portico of the Lord.
此處的yahad是指第一(the first), 而非compound unity. ＂第一＂和＂相合的一＂畢竟不同． 但主張三位一體的人硬把第一說成compound unity.
(III) 2 Kgs 3:11 An officer of the king of Israel answered, “Elisha son of Shaphat
is here. He used to pour water on the hands of Elija.
2 Kgs 6:12 : “None of us, my lord the king,” said one of his officers,” said one of his offices, “ but Elisha, the prophet who is in Israel, tells the king of Israel the very words you speek in you bedroom.”
2 Kgs 4:22 : “Please send me one of the servants and a donkey so I can go to the man of God quickly and return.”
Isa 51:2 : look to Abraham your father, and to Sarah, who gave you birth . When I called him he was but one, and I bless him and made him many.
Josh 23:10 : One of you rout a thousand because the Lord your God fights for you, just as he promised.
1 Kgs 8:56 : Not one word has failed of all the good promises he gave through his servant Moses.
Isa 4:1 : In that day seven women will take hold of one man and say, “We will eat our own food and provide our own clothes; only let us be called by your name, Take away our disgrace!
Ps 14:3 : All have turned aside, they have together become corrupt; there is no one who dose good, not even one
Ps 14:3 : All have turned aside, they have together become corrupt, there is no one who does good, not even one.
Eccl 7:28 : while I was still searching but not finding – I found one upright man among a thousand, but not one upright woman among them all.
從上述經文， 可知所謂的＂一＂，只是單純的＂一＂ 並沒有所謂的
＂相合的一＂.
( IV ) Gen 44:27-28 : “Your servant my father said to us, 'You know that my wife
bore me two sons. One of them went away from me', and I said, ' he has surely been torn to pieces'. And I have not seen him since.
Deut 21:15 : If a man has two wifes, and he loves one but not the other, and both bear him sons but firstborn is the son of the wife he does not love,
Zec 8:21 : and the inhabitants of one city will go to another and say, “ Let us go at once to entreat the Lord and seek the Lord Almight. I myself am going.”
Gen 2:24 : For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his
wife, and they will become one flesh.
Gen 11:1 Now the whole world had one language and a common speech.
Gen 11:6 : The Lord said, “If as one people speaking the same language they have began to do this, then nothing they plan to do this, then nothing they plan to do will be impossible for them.
Exdo 24:3 : When Moses went and told the people all the Lord's words and laws, they responded with one voice, “Everything the Lord has said we will do.
Judg 20:1 : Then all the Israelites from Dan to Beersheba and from the land of Gilead came out as one man and assembled before the Lord in Mizpah
Ezra 3:1 : When the seventh month came and the Israeslites had settled in their towns, the people assembled as one man in Jerusalem.
Exdo 12:49 : The same law applies to the native-born and to the alien living among you.
2 Sam 12:1 : The Lord sent Nathan to David. When he came to him, he said, “ There were two men in a certain town, one rich and the other poor.
Judg 21:3 : “O Lord, the God of Israel,” they cried, “why has this happened to Israel? Why should one tribe be missing from Israel today?”
1 Kgs 11:13 : Yet I will not tear the whole kingdom from him, but will give him one for the sake of David my servant and for the sake of Jerusalem, which I have chosen.
Hos 1:11 : The people of Judah and the people of Israel will be reunited, and they will appoint one leader and will come up out of the land, for great will be the day of Zezreel.
Ezek 34:23 : I will place over them one shepherd, my servant David, and he will tend them; he will then tend them and be their sheperd.
Ezek 11:19 : I will give them an undivided heart and put a new spirit in them; I will remove from them their heart of sone and give them a heart of flesh.
上面經文的yahad都有一共同點， 即描寫多人， 其他事物或東西中的＂一＂． 既然是在多數裡面的＂一＂， 又怎會是＂相合的一＂呢？ 讓我們再看回上述的經文， 留意下列句中的情形：
Gen 44:27-28 : one of them
Zech 8:21 : inhabitants of one city
Gen 11:6 : one people speaking the same language they have began to do this,
2 Sam 12:1 : two man ia a certain town, one rich and other poor
Judg 21:3 : one tribe be missing from Israel
Hos 1:11 : and they will appoint one
Ezek 34:23 : place over them one shepherd
Ezek 11:19 : give them an undivided heart.........their heart
Deut 21:15 : he loves one but not the other
Gen 2:24 : they will become one flesh
Gen 11:1 : one language and a common speech
Exdo 24:3 : they responded with one voice
Ezra 3:1 : the people assembled as one man
Judg 20:1 : All Israelites ......came out as one man
Exdo 12:49 : The same law applies.......among you
1 Kgs 11:13 : not tear the whole kingdom ...., but give him one tribe
很明顯的， 這個＂一＂是多數中的＂一＂， 而非多數＂ 位格＂ 合起來的＂一 體＂．
(V) Eccl 4:9 : Two are better than one because they have a good return for their work.
Eccl 4:10 : If one falls down, his friend can help him. But pity the man who falls and has no one to help him up!
Eccl 4:11 : Also, if two lie down together, they will keep warm. But how can one keep warm alone?
Job 31:15 : Did not he who made me in the womb make them? Did not the same one form us both within our mothers?
以上經文都有一相同之處， 即二者中的一個＂一＂， 並非 ＂相合的一＂．
(VI) Deut 6:4 : Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one.
在the Apostolic Bible Polyglot 舊約第266頁及新約第72的句子和Strong 編號如下：
Deut 6:4 : Hear(191), O Israel(3588)! The Lord(2962) our God(2316-1473) is(1510.2.3) one(1520) Lord(2962).
Mark 12:29 : O(3588) And(1161) Jesus answered(611) to him(1473) that(3754); Foremost(4413) of all(3956) of(3588) the commandments(1785), Hear(191), O Israel(3588)! The Lord(2962) our God(2316-1473) is(1510.2.3) one(1520) Lord(2962).
此處我們看到舊約和新約的＂一＂字， 都是同樣的， 即S1520, 相當於GK1651. 參考Complete Expository Dictionary of Old & New Testament Words, 希臘文為heis, 其註解如下:
heis is the cardinal number “one”. It can be used simply to count items. It may also be used as the last part of a complex number, like the “forty lashes minus one” that Paul received (2 Cor. 11:24). heir is occasionally also used like an ordinal number, as in “the first woe” (Rev. 9:12) and the common NT phrase “on the first day of the week”(Lk. 24:1; Jn. 20:1; Act 20:7; 1 Cor. 16:2).
heis is also used to indicate the singularity of something, thus emphasizing that there is but only one. Paul explains that only one runner receives a prize(1 Cor. 9:24) and that the law can be summed up with only one statement (Gal. 5:14). Jesus criticizes the Pharisees for going to great lengths to gain one singer convert (Mt. 23:15). He condemns a person who breaks even one of the smallest commandments(Mt. 5:19). It was through only one man (Rom.5:12,16,17) and because of only one sin (5:18) that condemnation befell humanity. Yet Christ was the one --- and the only one --- who died for all (2 Cor. 5:14); He was the one man through whom many become righteous (Rom. 5:15, 19). According to Paul, a qualification of an elder is that he must be “the husband of one wife” (Tit. 1:6). John uses heis symbolically to depict the rapidity of Babylon's fall: “in only one day” she is overtaken with plagues (Rev. 18:8), andd “in only one hour” she faces judgment and ruin (Rev. 18:10, 19).
Many of the NT uses of heis refer to the singularity of God --- “one God” (Rom. 3:30; 1 Cor. 8:4, 6; Gal. 3:20; Eph. 4:6; 1 Tim. 2:5). Many other uses explain the unity of the body of Christ. Paul reminds his readers that they, as participants of the Christian church, one members of “one body” (Rom. 12:4, 5; 1 Cor. 10:17; 12:12-20; Gal. 3:23; Col. 3:5; cf. Jn. 17:21-23), and he thus encourages them to be “one in spirit” (Phil. 1:27; 2:2). In the church there is only “one” hope, Lord, faith, and baptism (Eph 4:4-6). A similar unity results when a man and a woman join in marriage to become “one flesh” (1 Cor. 6:16; Eph 5:31).
heis can be used less like a numerical indicator and more like an indefinite pronoun or indefinite article. For example, Matthew uses heis to describe “a (certain) scribe” (Mt. 8:19) and “a man” (Mt. 19:16). heis may also describe “each person” (Col. 4:6), “each one of you” (Eph. 5:33), “each of them” (Acts 21:26), or “anything” (Jn. 1:3).
The Analitical Lexicon to the Greek New Testament 對GK1651 的解釋如下：:
numeral one, Matt 10:29; only, Mark12:6; one virtually by union, Matt 19:5,6; John 10:30; one and the same, Luke 12:52; Rom 3:30; one in respect of office and standing, 1Cor 3:8; a certain one, Matt 8:19; 16:14; a. am. Matt 21:19; James 4:13; each one, everyone, Luke 4:40; Act 2:3; one another, 1 Thess 5:11; the one and the other, Matt 20:21; one by one, one after another, in succession, Mark 14:19; John 8:9; as an ordinal, first, Matt 28:1.4．
兩者解釋都一樣, 即單純的＂一＂． 從GK1651/S1520的用法， 可看得更清楚.
(經文引自NIV, Concordance 則摘自The Apostolic Bible Polyglot --- 英譯七十士譯本)． 由於此字(S1520/GK1651)在聖經用得很多，故只選＂申命記＂和＂馬可福音＂兩本書．
Dt 1:3 : In the fortieth year, on the first day of the eleventh month, Moses proclaimed to the Israelites all that the Lord had commanded him concerning them.
Dt 1:23 : The idea seemed good to me; so I selected twelve of you, one man from each tribe.
Dt 4:42 : to which anyone who had killed a person could flee if he had unintentionally killed his neighbor without malice aforethought. He could flee into one of these cities and save his life.
Dt 6:4 : Hear, O Israel : The Lord our God, the Lord is one.
Dt 12:14 : Offer them only at the place the Lord will choose in one of your tribes, and there observe everything I command you.
Dt 13:12 : If you hear it said about one of the towns the Lord your God is giving you to live in
Dt 15:7 : If there is a poor man among your brothers in any of the towns of the land that the Lord your God is giving you, do not be hardhearted or tighfisted toward your poor brother.
Dt 17:2 : If a man or woman living among you in one of the towns the Lord gives you is found evil in the eyes of the Lord your God in violation of his covenant,
Dt 17:6 : On the testimony of two or three witnesses a man shall be put to death, but none shall be put to death on the testimony of only one withness
Dt 18:6 : If a Levite moves from one of your towns anywhere in Israel where he is living, and comes in all earnestness to the place the Lord will choose,
Dt 19:5 : For instance, a man may go into the forest with his neigbor to cut wood, and as he swings his ax to fell a tree, the head may fly off and hit his neighbor and kill him. That man may flee to one of these cities and save his life.
Dt 19:11 : But if a man hates his neighbor and lies in wait for him, assaults and kills him, and then flees to one of these cities,
Dt 19:15 : One witness is not enough to convict a man accused of any crime or offence he may have committed. A matter must be establised by the testimony of two or three witnesses.
Dt 21:15 : If a man has two wives, and his loves one but not the other, and both bear him sons but the firstborn is the son of the wife he does not love,
Dt 24:5 : If a man has recently married, he must not be sent to war or have any other duty laid on him. For one year he is to be free to stay at home and bring happiness to the wife he has married.
Dt 25:5 : If brothers are living together and one of them dies without a son, his widow must not marry outside the family. Her husband's brother shall take her and marry her and fulfill the duty of a brother-in-law to her
Dt 25:9 : the brother's widow shall go up to him in the presence of the elders, take off one of his sandals, spit in his face and say, “This is what is done to the man who will not build up his brother's family line.
Dt 25:11 If two man are fighting and the wife of one of them comes to rescue her husband from his assailant, and she reaches out and seizes him by his private parts,
Dt 28:7 : The Lord will grant that the enemies who rise up against you will be defeated before you. They will come at you from one direction but flee from them in seven,
Dt 28:55 : and he will not give to one of them any of the flesh of his children that he is eating. It will be all he has left because of the suffering your enemy will inflict on you during the siege of all your cities.
Dt 32:30 : How could one man chase a thousand, or two put ten thousand to flight, unless their Rock had sold them, unless the Lord had given them up?
Mk 2:7 : Why does this fellow talk like that? He's blaspheming! Who can forgive sins
but God alone?
Mk 4:8 : And other fell into the good earth, and gave fruit ascending and growing, and one bore thirty, and one sixty, and one a hundred.
Mk 4:20 : Others, like seed sown on good soil, hear the word, accept it, and produce a crop --- thirty, sicty or even a hundred times what was sown.
Mk 5:22 : Then one of the synagogue rulers, named Jairus, came there. Seeing Jesus, he fell at his feet
Mk 6:15 : Others said, “He is Elijah.” And still others claimed, “He is a prophet, like one of the prophets of long ago.
Mk 8:14 : The disciples had forgetten to bring bread, except for one loaf they had with
them in the boat.
Mk 8:28 : They replied, “Some say John the Baptist; others said Elijah; and still others,
one of the prophets.”
Mk 9:5 : Peter said to Jesus, “Rabbi, it is good for us to be here. Let us put up three shelters --- one for you, one for Moses and one for Elijah.”.
Mk 9:17 : A man in the crowd answered, “Teacher, I brought you my son, who is possessed by a spirit that has robbed him of speech.
Mk 9:37 : Whoever welcomes one of these little children in my name welcomes me; and whoever welcomes me does not welcome me but the one who sent me.”
Mk 9:42 : And if anyone causes one of these little ones who believe in me to sin, it would be better for him to be thrown into the sea with a large millstone tied around his neck.
Mk 10:8 : and the two become one flesh. So they are no longer two, but one.
Mk 10:17 : As Jesus started on his way, a man ran up to him and fell on his knees before him. “Good teacher, “ he asked, “what must I do to inherit eternal life?
Mk 10:18 : “Why do you call me good? “ Jesus answered. “No one is good --- except God alone.
Mk 10:21 Jesus looked at him and loved him “One thing you lake,” he said, “Go, sell everthing you have and give to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. Then come, follow me.”
Mk 10:37 : They replied, “Let one of us sit at your right and the other at your left in your glory.”
Mk 11:29 : Jesus replied, “I will ask you one question. Answer me, and I will tell you by what authority I am doing these thing.
Mk 12:6 : “He had one left to send, a son, whom he loved. He sent him last of all, saying, “They will respect my son.”
Mk 12:28 : One of the teachers of the law came and heard them debating.: Noticing that Jesus had given them a good answer, he asked him, “Of all the commandments, which is the most important?”
Mk 12:29 : “The most important one,” answered Jesus, “is this: “hear, O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is one.
Mk 12:32 : “Well said, teacher,”the man replied. “You are right in saying that God is one and there is no other but him.
Mk 12:42 But a poor widow came and put in two very small coppper coins, worth only a fraction of a penny.
Mk 13:1 As he was leaving the temple, one of his disciples said to him, “Look, Teacher! What massive stone! What magnificent building!”
Mk 14:10 : Then Judas Iscariot, one of the Twelve, went to the chief priests to betray
Jesus to them.
Mk 14:18 While they were reclining at the table eating, he said, “:I tell you the truth, one of you will betray me --- one who is eating with me.”
Mk 14:19 : They were saddened, and one by one they said to him, “Surely not I?”
Mk 14:20 : “It is one of the Twelve, “ he replied, “one who dips bread into the bowl with me.
Mk 14:37 : Then he returned to his disciples amd found them sleeping, “Simon, “ he said to Peter, “are you asleep? Could you not keep watch for one hour?
Mk 14:43 : Just as he was speaking, Judas, one of the Twelve, appeared. With him was a crowd armed with swords and clubs, sent from the chief priests, the teachers of the law, and the elders.
Mk 14:47 : The one of them standing near drew his sword and struck the servant of the high priest, cutting off his ear.
Mk 14:51 : And one certain young man follows him, having put on a fine linen garment upoun his naked body, and the young man seized him.
Mk 14:66 : While Peter was below in the courtyard, one of the servant girls of the high priset came by.
Mk 15:6 : Now it was the custom at the Feast to release a prisoner whom the people requested
Mk 15:27 : They crucified two robbers with him, one on his right and one on his left.
Mk 15:36 : And one having run and filled the sponge with vinegar, and having put it on also a reed, gave him to drink, saying, Allow it! We should see if Elizah comes to lower him.
Mk 16:2 : Very early on the frist day of the week, just after sunrise, they were on their way to the tomb.
現在讓我們來看看yahid這個字的意義． 其Strong編號為3173, Gk編號為3495．.
(I) The Complete Word Study Dictionary Old Testament
An adjective meaning sole, only, solitary. This word is frequently used to refer to an only child. Isaacc was Abraham's only son by Sarah (Gen 22:2, 12, 16). Jepthah's daughter was his only child, who came running out to greet him after his vow to sacrifice first thing to come out of his door (Judg. 11:34). The father of an only child began teaching him wisdom when he was very young (Prov 4:3). Mourning an only child was considered an especially grievous sorrow (Jer. 6:26, Amos 8:10, Zech 12:10). The feminine form is used parallel to life or soul, portraying the precious, only life we are given (Ps22:20,21; 35:17). It is also used to mean lonely or alone (Ps 25:16; 68:6,7).
(II) 聖經原文字典
獨一的, 孤獨的. 和合本譯為獨身的3次, 獨身子3次, 孤獨2次, 獨一的1次, 生
命1次; 總供10次.
(III) Hebrew Greek Key Study Bible
Yahiyd : from Yahad (GK3480), together, only, a lone, forsaken. Denotes an only child (Jdg 11:34; Jer 6:26; Am 8:10; Zec 12:10) or one esepecially beloved (Gen 22:2,12,16). . The Septuagint does not tender yahiyd in Genesis 22 with the Greek word monogenes (GK3666), one and only, but with agapetos (GK28), dearly loved likely because Isaac had a half-brother (Ishmael). In reference to Jephthah's daughter, however, the Septuagint does use the word monogenes (Judg 11:34). Yahiyd also means solitary or isolated (Pr 4:3).
(IV) The New Strong's Concise Dictionary of Bible Words
Properly united, i.e, sole; by implied beloved; also lonely; (feminine) the life(as
not to be replaced). KJV譯為darling, desolate, only (child, son), solitary.
(V) New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology & Exegesis (Volume 2)
Adjective only one, abandoned. The adjective appers 11x. It is related to 'ehad, one, and yahad, together. Yahid signifies “only(one)” in Gen 22:2, 12, 16; Judg 11:34. The expression in mourning as for an onely son (Jer 6:26; Amos 8:10; Zech 12:10) relates death and the end of the family line, therfore the death of the son signifies a terrrible catastropice (compare Jer 31:15). The meaning desolate or abandoned is foud in Ps 25:16; 68:6, 7. In 25:16, the psalmist laments that he iss “lonely (yahid) and afficted (an I).. Having been abandoned by his friends, he puts his hope in the Lord. The confirmation of this hope finds expression in 68:6,7, according to which the abandoned and lonely people will enjoy the relationship within the family, whereas the wicked will experience abandonment “in a sun-scorched land”.
(VI) The Strongest Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of The Bible
only son, only child (special and unique to the parents); precious life; alone, solitary. KJV譯為only 7次, darling 2次, child 1次, solitary 1次.
(V) The Strongest NIV Exhaustive Concordance
Only son, only child (special and unique to the parents); precious life; alone, solitary.
在NIV 中譯為only son 5次, only child 3次, longly 2次, precious life 2次.
(VI) 聖經原文串珠註解
其編號為0501. 其意為獨生的， 譯為獨生的(創22:2); 形容詞， 有譯為獨一的(箴4:3); 孤獨的(詩68:6); 孤獨(詩25:16); 獨生子(耶6:26, 摩8:10; 亞12:10); 生命(詩22:20; 35:17).
在七十世譯本之Codex Vaticanus 中． S3173/GK3495 以希臘文S3439/GK3666 來代替.
The Complete Word Study Dictionary – New Testament, 其對S3439/GK3666的解釋如下:
genitice monogenous , masculine feminine, neuter monogenon, from monos (S3431), only, and genos (S1085), stock. Unique, one of kind, one and only. The only one of the family (Luke 7:23 referring to the only son of his mother; 8:42, the daughter of Jairus; Luke 9:38, the demoniac boy). John also uses monogenes to describe the relation of Jesus to God the Fatheer, presenting Him as the unique one, the only one (monos) of a class or kind (genos), in the discussion of the relationship of the Son to the Father (John 1:14, 18; 3:16, 18: 1 John 4:9).
在舊約Masoretic 之 The Biblia Hebraica Stuttgarteusia 中 ，S3173/GK3495 與七十士譯本之Codex Vaticanus S3439/GK3666 有所出入 ．七十士譯本之S3439在舊約中出現4次， 即Jdg 11:34, Ps 22:20, 25:16, 35:17. Masoretic 之S3173/GK3495 則出現12次 . 在七十士譯本中， 新舊約皆用S3439(等同GK3666). 茲將兩者合一以觀其用法:
Gen 22:2 : Then God said, “Take your son, your only son(S3173/GK3495), whom you love,
and go to the region of Moriah. Sacrifice him here as a burnt offering on one of the mountains I will tell you about..
Gen 22:12 : “Do not lay a hand on the boy,” he said, “Do not do anything to him. Now I know that you fear God, because you have not withheld from me your son, your only son(S3173/GK3495).
Gen 22:16 : and said, “I swear by myself, declares the Lord, that because you have done this and have not withheld your son, your only son(S3173/GK3495).
Jdg 11:34 : When Jephthah returned to his home in Mizpah, who should come out to meet him but his daughter, dancing to the sound of tambourines! She was an only child(S3173/GK3495). Except for her he had neither son nor daughter.
Ps 22:20 : Deliver my life from the sword, my precious life(S3173/GK3495) from the power of the dogs.
Ps 25:16 : Turn to me and be gracious to me, for I am lonely(S3173/GK3495) and afflicated.
Ps 35:17 : O Lord, how long will you look on? Rescue my life from their ravages, my precious life(S3173/GK3495) from this lions.
Ps 68:6 : God sets the lonely(S3173/GK3495) in families, he leads forth the prisoners with singing; but the rebellious live in a sun-scorched land.
Pr 4:3 : When I was a a boy in my father's house, still tender, and an only child (S3173/GK3495), of my mother,
Jer 6:26 : O my people, put on sackcloth and roll in ashes; mourn with bitter wailing as for an only son(S3173/GK3495) for suddenly the destroyer will come upon us.
Am 8:10 : I will turn your religious feasts into mourning and all your singing into weeping. I will make all of you wear sackcloth and shave your heads. I will make that time like mourning for an only son(S3173/GK3495) and the end of it like a bitter day.
Zec 12:10 : And I will pour out on the house of David and the inhabitants of Jerusalem a spirit of grace and supplication. They will look on me, the one they have pierced, and they will mourn for him as one mouns for an only child(S3173/GK3495),.
Lk 7:12 : As he approached the town gate, a dead person was being carried out --- the only (S3439/GK3666) son of his mother, and she was a widow. And a large crowd from the town was with her.
Lk 8:42 : because his only(S3439/GK3666) daughter, a girl of about twelve, was dying. As Jesus was on his way, the crowds almost crushed him.
Lk 9:38 : A man in the crowd called out, “Teacher, I beg you to look at my son, for he is my only(S3439/GK3666) child.
Jn 1:14 : The Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us. We have seen his glory, the glory of the One and Only(S3439/GK3666) who came from the Father, full of grace and truth.
Jn 1:18 : No one has ever seen God, but God the One and Only(S3439/GK3666), who is at the Father's side, has made him known.
Jn 3:16 : For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only(S3439/GK3666) Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life.
Jn 3:18 : Whoever believes in him is not condemned, but whoever does not believe stands condemned already because he has not believed in the name of God's one and only(S3439/GK3666) Son.
Heb 11:17 : By faith Abraham, when God tested him, offered Isaac as a sacrifice. He who had received the promises was about to sacrifice his one and only(S3439/GK3666) son
1 Jn 4:9 : This is how God showed his love among us: He sent his one and only (S3439/GK3666) Son into the world that we might live through him.
總的來說, yahad 只是單純的”one”, 而yahid 卻是”only” 而已. 這個only, 通常帶有珍貴, 憐憫或愛的成份. 讓我們重看上述的例子:
Gen 22:2 : your only son --- 指亞伯拉罕所愛的以撒.
Gen 22:12 : only son --- 指亞伯拉罕所鐘愛的以撒.
Gen 22:16 : only son --- 也是指以撒.
Jdg 11:34 : only child --- 指Jephthah所喜愛的女兒.
Ps 22:20 : precious life --- 指珍貴的生命.
Ps 25:16 : 因lonely 而向神求gracious.
Ps 32:17 : precious life 指珍貴的生命.
Ps 68:6 : 神使lonely的有家, 被囚的singing.
Pr 4:3 : only child of my mother, 即母親獨一的愛子.
Jer 6:26 : mourn your only son --- 為愛子痛哭.
Am 8:10 : mourning for an only son --- 為愛子哭號.
Zec 12:10 : the only child --- 指耶穌, 神的愛子.
Lk 7:12 : 主憐憫喪子而哭的寡婦.
Lk 8:42 : 睚魯所愛的獨生女.
Lk 9:38 : 求主看顧愛子.
Jn 1:14 : 從天父來的獨生子, 即耶穌.
Jn 1:18 : 在父懷裡的獨生子, 即耶穌.
Jn 3:16 : one and only son --- 指耶穌.
Jn 3:18 : 父的獨生子, 即耶穌.
Heb 11:17 : 亞伯拉罕獻上他所愛的兒子.
1 Jn 4:9 : He sent his one and only son --- 即耶穌.
Yahid在聖經中, 從來沒有指神或天父, 其他事物或東西; 只是描寫人而已, 包括道成肉身的耶穌. 每次指耶穌時, 都說他是獨身子, 人子或子. 這個only的描寫,是含有珍貴, 憐憫或愛的成份. 相反的, yahad是指＂一＂． 可以指神， 人， 東西， 事物等等， 且描寫的東西是可以分開的． 這已與三位一體的定義相違 : 三位一體是由三個合一的位格所合成． 這些位格不是分離的存在 (seperate existence), 而是完全合一的， 作為一位神． 但按神的本性而言， 三位一體是三個獨立存在 --- 父， 子及聖靈(慕迪神學手冊第191和192頁). 第193頁又說不是有三個一起存在或分開的個體， 而是在一個神聖之內， 有位格上的自我區分． 第193頁接著說， 三位都擁有神性屬性的總和， 而神在本質上沒有被分割．
. Yahid不是 ＂相合的一＂， 而是only, 更談不上是 沒有愛的單獨的一 (三一神論第83頁)．.Yahad 則是one． 兩者根本是不同意義，怎麼說是猶太人被這個字yahid 害死呢？.
2009年8月16日 星期日
Creator(s) and Maker(s)
在＂異端辨端＂（ 天道書樓有限公司） 第175頁如此說： 在這裏， 大抵我們也可以明白到為何傳道書12:1 所說＂ 造你的主＂(Thy Makers)是復數的， 並以賽亞書54:5＂ 造你的是你的丈夫＂中的＂造你的＂(Creators) 是複數（ 以外在的位格而言）， 但丈夫(Thy husband) 卻是單數 （以內在的本的本質而言）．
此說法是否合乎聖經一貫的道理， 讓我們來看看不同英文聖經的翻譯：
1. Christian Community Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Be mindful of your Creator when you are young,
Isa 54:5: For your Maker is to marry you.
2. The Amplified Bible
Ecl 12:1 Remember (earnestly) also your Creator (that you are not your own, but His property now) in the days of your youth.
Isa 54:5 For your Maker is your Husband ---
3. New International Reader's Version
Ecl :12:1 : Remember the One who created you.
Isa : 54:5 : I made you, I am your husband.
4. Today's New International Version
Ecl : 12:1 : Remember your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa : 54:5 : For your Maker is your husband ----
5. New International Version
Ecl : 12:1 : Remember your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa : 54 :5 : For your Maker is your husband.
6. James Moffat Translation
Ecl 12:1 : But remember your Creator in the flower in your age,
Isa 54:5 : for your husband is your Maker,
7. 1599 Geneva Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Remember now thy Creator in the days of thy youth,
Isa 54:5 : For he that made thee, is thine husband,
8. Douay-Rheims – The Holy Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Remember thy Creator in the days of thy youth,
Isa 54: 5 : For he that made thee shall rule over thee.
9. The New American Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54:5 : For he who has become your husband is your Maker;
10. The New Jerusalem Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator while you are still young,
Isa 54:5 For your Creator is your husband.
11. The Jerusalem Bible
Ecl 12:1 : And remember your creator in the days of your youth.
Isa 54:5 : For now your creator will be your husband.
12. Comtempory English Version
Ecl 12:1 : keep your Creator in mind while you are young!
Isa 54:5 : He is your Creator and husband.
13 New Century Version
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator while you are young,
Isa 54:5 : The God who made you is like your husband.
14. Holman Christian Standard Bible
Ecl 12:1 : So remember your Creator in the days of your youth;
Isa 54:5 : For your husband is your Maker ---
15. Authorized (King James) Version
Ecl 12:1 : Remember now thy Creator in the days of thy youth,
Isa 54:5 : For thy Maker is thine husband.
16. New King James Version
Ecl 12:1 : Remember now your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54:5 : For your Maker is your husband.
17. The 21st Century King James Version
Ecl 12:1 : Remember now thy Creator in the days of thy youth,
Isa 54:5 : For thy Maker is thine husband ---
18. Third Millennium Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Remember now thy Creator in the days of thy youth,
Isa 54:5 : For thy Maker is thine husband ---
19. Complete Jewish Bible
Ecl 12:1 : So remember your creator while you are young,
Isa 54:5 : For your husband is your Maker.
20. The Modern Language Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Be mindful or your Creator in the days of you youth,
Isa 54:5 : For your true husband is your Maker,
21. Easy-to-Read Version
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator while you are young,
Isa 54:5 : Your real husband is the one who made you.
22. Holy Bible From Ancient Text (From The Aramaic of the Peshitta)
Ecl 12:1 : Remember now your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54:5 : For it is the Lord shall do thee to you;
23. The Orthodox Study Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54:5 : For it is the Lord who is your Maker,
24. A New English Translation of the Septuagint
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54:5 : because the Lord is the one who makes you.
25. American Standard Version
Ecl 12:1 : Remember also thy Creator in the days of thy youth,
Isa 54:5 : For thy Maker is thy husband.
26. Today's English Version (Good News Translation)
Ecl 12:1 : So remember your Creator while you are still young,
Isa 54:5 : Your Creator will be like a husband to you,
27. English Standard Version
Ecl 12:1 : Remember also your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54:5 : For your Maker is your husband,
28. New Revised Standard Version
Ecl 12:1: Remember your creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54.5 For your maker is your husband.
29. New Life Version
Ecl 12:1 : Remember also your Maker while you are young,
Isa 54:5 : Your Maker is your husband.
30. The NET Bible
Ecl 12:1 : So remember your Creator in the day of your youth ---
Isa 54:5 : For your husband is the one who made you---
31.The Living Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Don't let the exitement in being young cause you to forget about your Creator.
Isa 54:5 : for your Creator will be your husband.
32. New Living Translation
Ecl 12:1 : Don't let the exitement of youth cause you to forget your Creator.
Isa 54:5 : for your Creator will be your husband.
33. New American Standard Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Remember also your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54:5 : For your husband is your Maker,
34. Updated New American Standard Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Remember also your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54:5 : For your husband is your Maker.
35. Revised Standard Version
Ecl 12:1 : Remember also your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54:5 : For your Maker is your husband.
36. The Message
Ecl 12:1 : Honor and enjoy your Creator while you're still young,
Isa 54:5 : For your Maker is your bridegroom,
37. Daily Devotional Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator while you are young.
Isa 54:5 :This is because the God who made you is like your husband.
38.God's Word
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator when you are young,
Isa 54:5 : Your husband is your Maker.
39. Darby Translation
Ecl 12:1 : And remember thy creator (creator is plural) in the day or thy youth.
Isa 54:5 : For thy Maker is thy husband:
40. Young's Literal Translation
Ecl 12:1 : Remember also thy Creators in the days of thy youth,
Isa 54:5 : For thy Maker is thy Husband.
41. Rotherham's Emphasized Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Yet remember thy Creator (plural of excellenes), in the days of thy vigour ---
Isa 54:5 : For thy husband is thy Maker.
42. Revised English Bible with the Apocrypha
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator in the days of your youth.
Isa 54:5 : for your husband is your Maker,
43. The New English Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator in the days of your youth.
Isa 54:5 : for your husband is your Maker,
44. A literal Translation of the Bible (The Interlinear Bible)
Ecl 12:1 : Remember now your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54:5 : For you Maker is your husband;
45. The Clear Word
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator while you're still young........
Isa 54:5 : Your Maker is still your husband;
我們先談傳12:1之Creator(s). 在福音書局所能買到的不同英文版本聖經, 幾乎全部都已列上了. 在45版本中, 只有Young's Literal Translation 翻譯為Creators, 其餘的全都譯為Creator. 在Darby Translation 和 The Companion Bible (KJV) 只註明原文是Creators. The Companion Bible 註明如下:
Creator, Plural of Majesty, the great Creator, or a reference to the trinity.
在 Apostolic Bible Polygot 所給予的編號為2936. 其文如下 : And(2532) remember(3403) the one(3588) creating(2936) you(1473). 2936的意義為 To build, make, create.
Young's Literal Translation 譯為Creators 並沒錯. 但為何其他那麼多版本都譯為Creator 呢? 甚至有些版本註明原文是復數但卻譯為單數! 理由很簡單, 如譯為Creators, 給人的印像是很多Creator. 這又掉下 “Elohiym 是否暗指三位一體＂一文之Elohiym的假設中.
至於賽54:5, 全部版本, 包括Young's Literal Translation, 都譯為Maker. 我參考了幾本聖經辭典, 全部都表示此字乃動詞to make. 至於為何會譯為單數名詞Maker, 則無從知曉. 無論如何, Makers的意思與上述之Creators的情況一樣, 即多個Maker, 亦陷入Elohiym復數之假設中.
此說法是否合乎聖經一貫的道理， 讓我們來看看不同英文聖經的翻譯：
1. Christian Community Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Be mindful of your Creator when you are young,
Isa 54:5: For your Maker is to marry you.
2. The Amplified Bible
Ecl 12:1 Remember (earnestly) also your Creator (that you are not your own, but His property now) in the days of your youth.
Isa 54:5 For your Maker is your Husband ---
3. New International Reader's Version
Ecl :12:1 : Remember the One who created you.
Isa : 54:5 : I made you, I am your husband.
4. Today's New International Version
Ecl : 12:1 : Remember your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa : 54:5 : For your Maker is your husband ----
5. New International Version
Ecl : 12:1 : Remember your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa : 54 :5 : For your Maker is your husband.
6. James Moffat Translation
Ecl 12:1 : But remember your Creator in the flower in your age,
Isa 54:5 : for your husband is your Maker,
7. 1599 Geneva Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Remember now thy Creator in the days of thy youth,
Isa 54:5 : For he that made thee, is thine husband,
8. Douay-Rheims – The Holy Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Remember thy Creator in the days of thy youth,
Isa 54: 5 : For he that made thee shall rule over thee.
9. The New American Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54:5 : For he who has become your husband is your Maker;
10. The New Jerusalem Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator while you are still young,
Isa 54:5 For your Creator is your husband.
11. The Jerusalem Bible
Ecl 12:1 : And remember your creator in the days of your youth.
Isa 54:5 : For now your creator will be your husband.
12. Comtempory English Version
Ecl 12:1 : keep your Creator in mind while you are young!
Isa 54:5 : He is your Creator and husband.
13 New Century Version
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator while you are young,
Isa 54:5 : The God who made you is like your husband.
14. Holman Christian Standard Bible
Ecl 12:1 : So remember your Creator in the days of your youth;
Isa 54:5 : For your husband is your Maker ---
15. Authorized (King James) Version
Ecl 12:1 : Remember now thy Creator in the days of thy youth,
Isa 54:5 : For thy Maker is thine husband.
16. New King James Version
Ecl 12:1 : Remember now your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54:5 : For your Maker is your husband.
17. The 21st Century King James Version
Ecl 12:1 : Remember now thy Creator in the days of thy youth,
Isa 54:5 : For thy Maker is thine husband ---
18. Third Millennium Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Remember now thy Creator in the days of thy youth,
Isa 54:5 : For thy Maker is thine husband ---
19. Complete Jewish Bible
Ecl 12:1 : So remember your creator while you are young,
Isa 54:5 : For your husband is your Maker.
20. The Modern Language Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Be mindful or your Creator in the days of you youth,
Isa 54:5 : For your true husband is your Maker,
21. Easy-to-Read Version
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator while you are young,
Isa 54:5 : Your real husband is the one who made you.
22. Holy Bible From Ancient Text (From The Aramaic of the Peshitta)
Ecl 12:1 : Remember now your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54:5 : For it is the Lord shall do thee to you;
23. The Orthodox Study Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54:5 : For it is the Lord who is your Maker,
24. A New English Translation of the Septuagint
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54:5 : because the Lord is the one who makes you.
25. American Standard Version
Ecl 12:1 : Remember also thy Creator in the days of thy youth,
Isa 54:5 : For thy Maker is thy husband.
26. Today's English Version (Good News Translation)
Ecl 12:1 : So remember your Creator while you are still young,
Isa 54:5 : Your Creator will be like a husband to you,
27. English Standard Version
Ecl 12:1 : Remember also your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54:5 : For your Maker is your husband,
28. New Revised Standard Version
Ecl 12:1: Remember your creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54.5 For your maker is your husband.
29. New Life Version
Ecl 12:1 : Remember also your Maker while you are young,
Isa 54:5 : Your Maker is your husband.
30. The NET Bible
Ecl 12:1 : So remember your Creator in the day of your youth ---
Isa 54:5 : For your husband is the one who made you---
31.The Living Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Don't let the exitement in being young cause you to forget about your Creator.
Isa 54:5 : for your Creator will be your husband.
32. New Living Translation
Ecl 12:1 : Don't let the exitement of youth cause you to forget your Creator.
Isa 54:5 : for your Creator will be your husband.
33. New American Standard Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Remember also your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54:5 : For your husband is your Maker,
34. Updated New American Standard Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Remember also your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54:5 : For your husband is your Maker.
35. Revised Standard Version
Ecl 12:1 : Remember also your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54:5 : For your Maker is your husband.
36. The Message
Ecl 12:1 : Honor and enjoy your Creator while you're still young,
Isa 54:5 : For your Maker is your bridegroom,
37. Daily Devotional Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator while you are young.
Isa 54:5 :This is because the God who made you is like your husband.
38.God's Word
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator when you are young,
Isa 54:5 : Your husband is your Maker.
39. Darby Translation
Ecl 12:1 : And remember thy creator (creator is plural) in the day or thy youth.
Isa 54:5 : For thy Maker is thy husband:
40. Young's Literal Translation
Ecl 12:1 : Remember also thy Creators in the days of thy youth,
Isa 54:5 : For thy Maker is thy Husband.
41. Rotherham's Emphasized Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Yet remember thy Creator (plural of excellenes), in the days of thy vigour ---
Isa 54:5 : For thy husband is thy Maker.
42. Revised English Bible with the Apocrypha
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator in the days of your youth.
Isa 54:5 : for your husband is your Maker,
43. The New English Bible
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator in the days of your youth.
Isa 54:5 : for your husband is your Maker,
44. A literal Translation of the Bible (The Interlinear Bible)
Ecl 12:1 : Remember now your Creator in the days of your youth,
Isa 54:5 : For you Maker is your husband;
45. The Clear Word
Ecl 12:1 : Remember your Creator while you're still young........
Isa 54:5 : Your Maker is still your husband;
我們先談傳12:1之Creator(s). 在福音書局所能買到的不同英文版本聖經, 幾乎全部都已列上了. 在45版本中, 只有Young's Literal Translation 翻譯為Creators, 其餘的全都譯為Creator. 在Darby Translation 和 The Companion Bible (KJV) 只註明原文是Creators. The Companion Bible 註明如下:
Creator, Plural of Majesty, the great Creator, or a reference to the trinity.
在 Apostolic Bible Polygot 所給予的編號為2936. 其文如下 : And(2532) remember(3403) the one(3588) creating(2936) you(1473). 2936的意義為 To build, make, create.
Young's Literal Translation 譯為Creators 並沒錯. 但為何其他那麼多版本都譯為Creator 呢? 甚至有些版本註明原文是復數但卻譯為單數! 理由很簡單, 如譯為Creators, 給人的印像是很多Creator. 這又掉下 “Elohiym 是否暗指三位一體＂一文之Elohiym的假設中.
至於賽54:5, 全部版本, 包括Young's Literal Translation, 都譯為Maker. 我參考了幾本聖經辭典, 全部都表示此字乃動詞to make. 至於為何會譯為單數名詞Maker, 則無從知曉. 無論如何, Makers的意思與上述之Creators的情況一樣, 即多個Maker, 亦陷入Elohiym復數之假設中.
＂我們＂及＂我＂是否指三位一體？
在＂異端辯惑＂（ 天道書樓有限公司） 如此寫着：以賽亞6:3 的三重 “聖哉” 亦暗示神是三位一體的. 若我們以為作者的用意只在指出神的無上的威嚴及權能， 則這說法亦無法滿意的解釋6:8 之＂我＂及＂我們＂的同時出現， 唯一滿意的解釋 是 神是三位格的 ，但卻是獨一的．
NET Bible 對於此節的解釋如下：
Hebrew “for us.” The plural pronoun refers to the Lord, the seraphs, and the rest of the heavenly assembly.
從賽6:2-8來看， 神是在跟撒拉弗講話． 從賽6:6 有一撒拉弗來看， 應該是超過一位撒拉弗與神講話． 換句話說， 神對撒拉弗們說： 誰可為他和撒拉弗們去呢？ 從賽6:2-8 節， 可知第一個＂我＂是指有權利差遣的神， 接下來的＂我們＂ 是指贊美此差遣及幫神除掉以賽亞罪孽的撒拉弗．
這情形就好像列上22:19-22 ，米該雅說， 你要聽耶和華的話． 我看見耶和華坐在寶座上， 天上的萬軍侍立在他左右． 耶和華說 ：誰去引誘亞哈上基列的拉末去陣亡呢？ 這個就這樣說 ，那個就那樣說． 隨后有一個神靈出來， 站在耶和華面前， 說： 我去引誘他． 耶和華問他說： 你用何法呢？ 他說： 我去, 要在他眾先知口中作謊言的靈． 耶和華說： 這樣， 你必能引誘他． 你去如此行吧！
這清楚表明神和天使在對話， 賽8:6也是神和撒拉弗對話．
最簡單的例子是約11:11，耶穌說了這話, 又接着說: 我們的朋友拉撒路睡着了, 我要去叫醒他. ＂我們＂是指耶穌和門徒們， 但叫醒拉撒路的是耶穌． 在四福音書裏， 都沒提過門徒是拉撒路的朋友． 最接近此事件的是路10:38-42， 也只提到馬大和馬利亞而已． 真正提到此三人和耶穌及門徒的是在約12:1-8， 即拉撒路復活之後．
總而言之，＂ 我們＂只不過是對話而已．
聖經對於神的描寫是一貫的， 沒有似是而非的說法．如果描寫神應是描寫神的獨一及多位格的話 ，那創1:26的兩個＂我們＂又怎樣解釋呢？
很明顯的， 主張三位一體的人看到 ＂複數的神＂時， 就說是指神的位格而言． 讀到＂獨一的神＂時，就說是指三位格之神的獨一性．
在＂基道釋經手冊＂（ 基道出阪社） 第149頁 如此說：
另一類由經文鑒別學引起的釋經問題， 源自新約引用舊約的經節，是根據七十士譯本的， 即使希臘文譯本的意思跟傳統的舊約希伯來抄本有出入． 若要對這些差異作出評估， 肯定更加困難 ．正如我們曾經提過的， 傳統的希伯來聖經版本不會超過公元800至 900 年間． 現存七十士譯本的抄本則至少再早500年． 故此， 當七十士譯本翻譯希伯來文原稿時， 可能是準確的， 只是後來的希伯來抄本出現了錯誤． 在死海古卷中找到的部份舊約書卷， 甚至遠至公前元前200年． 它們暗示 （雖然不是經長 ）情況的確是這樣． 例如希伯來書1:6節所引用的申命記32:43是一個較長的版本， 就是見於七十士譯本和死海古卷．
既是這樣， 讓我們來看看以七十士譯本譯為英文聖經的用詞：
(1)The Orthodox Study Bible – I also heard the voice of the Lord, saying, whom shall I send, and who will go to this people?
(2)The Apostolic Bible Polyglot – And I heard the voice of the Lord, saying whom shall I send, and who shall go to this people?
(3)A New English Translation of the Septuagint – Then I heard the voice of the Lord saying, whom should I send, and who will go to this people?
從這些譯本看來， 根本沒有＂我們 ＂只有＂我＂而已．
至於賽6:3的三重＂聖哉＂， NET Bible 作如下解釋：
Some have seen a reference to the Trinity in the seraphs' threefold declaration 'holy, holy, holy'. This proposal has no linguistic or contextual basic and should be dismissed. By repeating the word 'holy', the seraphs emphasize the degree of the Lord's holiness. For another example of threefold repetition for emphasis, see Ezek 21:27. Perhaps Jer 22:29 provides another example.
耶22:29 為： 地阿！ 地阿！ 地阿！ 當聽耶和華的話．
結21:27 為： 我要將這個傾覆， 傾覆， 而又傾覆． 這國必不再有， 直等到那應得的人來到， 我就賜給他 ．
如果三次＂聖哉＂是指三位一體， 那三次 ＂地阿＂ 和三次＂ 傾覆＂又該怎樣解釋？ 很明顯的， 主張三位一體的人指三次＂聖哉＂是指三個位格， 卻有意無意的忽略了其他 ＂三重＂ 的事物．
启4：8 的三次＂聖哉＂ 又怎樣？ 讓我們看看下列經文：
启 4 : 8 – 四活物各有六個翅膀， 遍體內外都滿了眼睛． 他們晝夜不住的說：＂ 聖哉！ 聖哉！ 聖哉 ！主神是昔在， 今在， 以後永在＂的全能者．
启 11: 17 - 說 ：＂昔在，今在， 以後永在＂的主神全能者阿！ 我們感謝你， 應你執掌大權作主了．
启 15:3 - 唱神僕人摩西的歌和羔羊的歌， 說： 主神全能者阿， 你的作為＂大哉！ 奇哉！＂ 萬世之王阿， 你的道途＂義哉！ 誠哉！＂
启 16 : 7 - 我又聽見祭壇中有聲音，說 ：是的， 主神全能者阿， 你的判斷＂義哉！＂ ＂誠哉！＂
很明顯的， 上述經文都有同一目的， 即贊美全能者． 启 4：8 以＂聖哉！ 聖哉！ 聖哉！ 昔在， 今在， 以後永在，＂ 總共6次來行容贊美全能者． 启 11: 17 以＂昔在， 今在， 以後永在，三次來贊美全能者． 启 15:3 則有四次： 即＂奇哉！ 大哉！ 義哉！ 誠哉！＂ 启 16 : 7 則有2次： 即＂義哉！ 誠哉！＂
由此可知， 3次＂聖哉＂只不過是6次中的贊美用詞而已． 如果贊美神須要3次， 即每一個位格一次， 那上述贊美經文又該作何解釋？
還有一點， 有些古卷葚至有一連九次的＂聖哉＂． 這可從Chronalogical Study Bible (NKJV) 和Holman CSB的註釋得知．那我們是否可說神是九位一體？
NET Bible 對於此節的解釋如下：
Hebrew “for us.” The plural pronoun refers to the Lord, the seraphs, and the rest of the heavenly assembly.
從賽6:2-8來看， 神是在跟撒拉弗講話． 從賽6:6 有一撒拉弗來看， 應該是超過一位撒拉弗與神講話． 換句話說， 神對撒拉弗們說： 誰可為他和撒拉弗們去呢？ 從賽6:2-8 節， 可知第一個＂我＂是指有權利差遣的神， 接下來的＂我們＂ 是指贊美此差遣及幫神除掉以賽亞罪孽的撒拉弗．
這情形就好像列上22:19-22 ，米該雅說， 你要聽耶和華的話． 我看見耶和華坐在寶座上， 天上的萬軍侍立在他左右． 耶和華說 ：誰去引誘亞哈上基列的拉末去陣亡呢？ 這個就這樣說 ，那個就那樣說． 隨后有一個神靈出來， 站在耶和華面前， 說： 我去引誘他． 耶和華問他說： 你用何法呢？ 他說： 我去, 要在他眾先知口中作謊言的靈． 耶和華說： 這樣， 你必能引誘他． 你去如此行吧！
這清楚表明神和天使在對話， 賽8:6也是神和撒拉弗對話．
最簡單的例子是約11:11，耶穌說了這話, 又接着說: 我們的朋友拉撒路睡着了, 我要去叫醒他. ＂我們＂是指耶穌和門徒們， 但叫醒拉撒路的是耶穌． 在四福音書裏， 都沒提過門徒是拉撒路的朋友． 最接近此事件的是路10:38-42， 也只提到馬大和馬利亞而已． 真正提到此三人和耶穌及門徒的是在約12:1-8， 即拉撒路復活之後．
總而言之，＂ 我們＂只不過是對話而已．
聖經對於神的描寫是一貫的， 沒有似是而非的說法．如果描寫神應是描寫神的獨一及多位格的話 ，那創1:26的兩個＂我們＂又怎樣解釋呢？
很明顯的， 主張三位一體的人看到 ＂複數的神＂時， 就說是指神的位格而言． 讀到＂獨一的神＂時，就說是指三位格之神的獨一性．
在＂基道釋經手冊＂（ 基道出阪社） 第149頁 如此說：
另一類由經文鑒別學引起的釋經問題， 源自新約引用舊約的經節，是根據七十士譯本的， 即使希臘文譯本的意思跟傳統的舊約希伯來抄本有出入． 若要對這些差異作出評估， 肯定更加困難 ．正如我們曾經提過的， 傳統的希伯來聖經版本不會超過公元800至 900 年間． 現存七十士譯本的抄本則至少再早500年． 故此， 當七十士譯本翻譯希伯來文原稿時， 可能是準確的， 只是後來的希伯來抄本出現了錯誤． 在死海古卷中找到的部份舊約書卷， 甚至遠至公前元前200年． 它們暗示 （雖然不是經長 ）情況的確是這樣． 例如希伯來書1:6節所引用的申命記32:43是一個較長的版本， 就是見於七十士譯本和死海古卷．
既是這樣， 讓我們來看看以七十士譯本譯為英文聖經的用詞：
(1)The Orthodox Study Bible – I also heard the voice of the Lord, saying, whom shall I send, and who will go to this people?
(2)The Apostolic Bible Polyglot – And I heard the voice of the Lord, saying whom shall I send, and who shall go to this people?
(3)A New English Translation of the Septuagint – Then I heard the voice of the Lord saying, whom should I send, and who will go to this people?
從這些譯本看來， 根本沒有＂我們 ＂只有＂我＂而已．
至於賽6:3的三重＂聖哉＂， NET Bible 作如下解釋：
Some have seen a reference to the Trinity in the seraphs' threefold declaration 'holy, holy, holy'. This proposal has no linguistic or contextual basic and should be dismissed. By repeating the word 'holy', the seraphs emphasize the degree of the Lord's holiness. For another example of threefold repetition for emphasis, see Ezek 21:27. Perhaps Jer 22:29 provides another example.
耶22:29 為： 地阿！ 地阿！ 地阿！ 當聽耶和華的話．
結21:27 為： 我要將這個傾覆， 傾覆， 而又傾覆． 這國必不再有， 直等到那應得的人來到， 我就賜給他 ．
如果三次＂聖哉＂是指三位一體， 那三次 ＂地阿＂ 和三次＂ 傾覆＂又該怎樣解釋？ 很明顯的， 主張三位一體的人指三次＂聖哉＂是指三個位格， 卻有意無意的忽略了其他 ＂三重＂ 的事物．
启4：8 的三次＂聖哉＂ 又怎樣？ 讓我們看看下列經文：
启 4 : 8 – 四活物各有六個翅膀， 遍體內外都滿了眼睛． 他們晝夜不住的說：＂ 聖哉！ 聖哉！ 聖哉 ！主神是昔在， 今在， 以後永在＂的全能者．
启 11: 17 - 說 ：＂昔在，今在， 以後永在＂的主神全能者阿！ 我們感謝你， 應你執掌大權作主了．
启 15:3 - 唱神僕人摩西的歌和羔羊的歌， 說： 主神全能者阿， 你的作為＂大哉！ 奇哉！＂ 萬世之王阿， 你的道途＂義哉！ 誠哉！＂
启 16 : 7 - 我又聽見祭壇中有聲音，說 ：是的， 主神全能者阿， 你的判斷＂義哉！＂ ＂誠哉！＂
很明顯的， 上述經文都有同一目的， 即贊美全能者． 启 4：8 以＂聖哉！ 聖哉！ 聖哉！ 昔在， 今在， 以後永在，＂ 總共6次來行容贊美全能者． 启 11: 17 以＂昔在， 今在， 以後永在，三次來贊美全能者． 启 15:3 則有四次： 即＂奇哉！ 大哉！ 義哉！ 誠哉！＂ 启 16 : 7 則有2次： 即＂義哉！ 誠哉！＂
由此可知， 3次＂聖哉＂只不過是6次中的贊美用詞而已． 如果贊美神須要3次， 即每一個位格一次， 那上述贊美經文又該作何解釋？
還有一點， 有些古卷葚至有一連九次的＂聖哉＂． 這可從Chronalogical Study Bible (NKJV) 和Holman CSB的註釋得知．那我們是否可說神是九位一體？
2009年7月6日 星期一
Elohiym 是否指三為一體?
主張三位一體的人, 都以elohiym(Strong号碼為430)乃ellah (Strong 号碼為433)的復數,
進而解釋elohiym乃暗指神的三個位格. 此說法是否可取, 只要我們看看其字義即可知道:
在聖經原文舊約希伯來字典(浸宣出版社) 第26頁註明其字義為神或諸神. 此字在和合本譯為神2512次, 神像11次, 審判官3, 神明2次, 主2次, 審判1次, 像1次, 尊大的1次 , 虔誠1次, 甚大的1次, 天使1次, 女神1次, 士師1次, 總數為2538次.
聖經原文串珠註解( 浸宣出版社) 第1和第2頁解釋得很清楚::
“神"創1:1; 原文字義是’大能者; 起誓約束自己者’. 在不同的上下文中,也譯成'尊
大'( 創'23:6); '大大' '甚大' (創30:8; 撒上14:15); '天使'(詩8:5), 各1次, 其餘250次均譯成神. HB 0430 在七十士譯本以 2316 表達. GK 2316 在新約中譯為'神'太1:23; 在舊約開始說明神是創造宇宙萬有及人類的神, 在新約第一章開始重新敘述'神要與我們同在'.
The New Strong's Concise Dictionary of Bible Words (Thomas Nelson Publishers)之English Index to the biblical language 對elohiym的解釋為God; gods; great ones(第13頁). 同一本書之New Strong's Concise Dictionary of the Words in the Hebrew Bible 作如下解釋:
Plural of 433; gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural, thus, especially with the article) of the supreme God; occasionally applied by way of deference to magistrates, and sometimes as a superlative: -angels, excedingly God (gods) (-dess), (very) great, judges, mighty.
在The Hebrews-Greek (AMG Publishers) 之Lexical Aids to the Old Testament Goodrick-Kohlenberger numbering system, 其號碼為466(第1504頁), 其解釋為God; god. The most common Hebrews word translated 'God' in the OT. Occasionally with modifiers such as righteous (Ps7:9), living (1Sa17.26), holy(Jos24:19), and true (2 Ch 15:3). Plural in form, but has both singular and plural uses. Usually takes a singular verb, so no implication of any plurality in the divine nature can be infexed from the fact that the word is plural. When used as a plural, it can refer to rulers of judges with divine autority (Ex21:6), pagan gods (Ex 18:11; Ps86:8), and angels (Ps8:5). In the singular it can denote a god or a goddes (1Sa 5:7; 2Ki18:33) and a man representing God (Ex7:1), God (Dt7:9; Ezr 1:3; Isa45:18)
同一本書之Concise Dictionary of The Hebrews 第1905頁如此說: God (pl of majesty); gods; mighty one, great one; judge; (same as Strong number 430).
在the Strongest Strong Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible之Hebres-Aramaic Dictionary -Index to the OT (第1360頁)解釋如下:
God (plural of majesty: plural in form but singular in meaning, with a focus on great power);
gods (true grammatical plural); any person characterized by greatness or power; mighty one, great one, judge.
在聖經辭典上冊A-J (天道書樓有限公司)第572頁如此說:
伊羅興雖然是復數, 但也可以作是單數來解釋, 意即'最高的神' (英文譯作'God', '神').文法上來說, 伊羅興像英文的God字一樣, 是個普通名詞. 所表達的是關呼神的一切觀念跟人(民23:19)和其他受造之物為對比. 用伊羅興來形容宇宙性或普世性的關係, 是適切(創 1:1), 因為只有一位至高的真神, 而他是有位格的. 依羅興在性質上接近專有名詞, 但沒失去他抽象和概念方面的特質.
在 The Complete Words Study Dictionary Old Testament (AMG Publisher)第54頁提到三位一體, 但聲明其意思只是間接提到而已. 茲將其註釋抄錄如下:
A masculine plural noun meaning God, gods, judges, angels.Occuring more than 2600 times in Old Testament, this word commonly designates the One True God (Gen1:1) and is often paired with God's unique name Yehowah (3068)(Gen 2:4; Ps100:3). When the word is used as the generic designation of God, it convey in Scripture that God is the Creator (Gen5:1); the King (Ps47:7[8]); the Judge (Ps 50:6); the Lord (Ps86:12); and the Savior (Hos13:4). His character is compassionate(Deut4:13); gracious (Ps116:5); and faithfully to His covenant (Deut 7:9).In fewer instances, this word refer to foreign gods, such as Dagon(1Sam 5:7) or Baal(1Kgs18:24). It also might refer to judges (Es22:8[7]; 9[8]) or angels as gods (Ps97:7). Although the form of this word is plural, it is frequently used as if it was singular, that is, with a singular word (Gen1:1-31; Ex2:24). The plural form of this word may be regarded (1) as intensive to indicate God's fullness of power; (2) as majestic to indicate God's kingly rule; (3) as an allusion of the trinity (Gen1:26). The singular form of the word eloah (433) occurs only in poetry(Ps50:22; Isa44:8). The shortenend form of the word is el(410).
在聖經中, 包括上述主張三位一體的Comlete Word Study Dictionary Old Testament, 都提到elohiym 其中的意思為plural of majestic 的神(God), 外邦人的神(god)和諸神或多神(gods); 絶對沒含有多位的意思. 主張三位一體的人, 先有三位一體的概念, 然後才來找聖經章節來支持之. 就算Elohiym 是多位而非多神, 也未必是多位位格. 因為如果是多位的話, 可以多位其他東西!
所謂的神(god) 或多神(gods), 我們可以從其原文用法(430) 可得知(經文全引自KJV):
Gen 3:5 For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be openend, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil.
Gen 31:32 With whomsoever thou findest the gods, let him not live: before our brethren discern thou what is thine with me, and that Rachel had stolen them.
Gen 35:2 Then Jacob said unto his household, and to all that were with him, Put away the strange gods that are among you, and be clean, and change your garments.
Gen 35:4 And they gave unto Jacob all the strange gods which were in their hand, and all their earrings which were in their ears; and Jacob hid them under the oak which was by She'-chem.
Ex7:1 And the Lord said unto Moses, See, I have made thee a god to Pharaoh : and Aaron thy brother shall be thy prophet.
Ex12:12 For I will pass through the land of Egypt this night, and will smite all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both man and beast; and against all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgment: I am the LORD.
Ex 18:11 Now I know that the LORD is greater than all gods : for in the thing wherein they dealt proudly he was above them.
Ex 20:3 Thou shalt have no other gods before me.
Ex 20:23 Ye shall not make with me gods of silver, neither shall ye make unto you gods of gold.
Ex 22:20 He that sacrificeth unto any god, save unto the LORD only, he shall be utterly destroyed.
Ex 22:28 Thou shalt not revile the gods, nor curse the ruler of thy people.
Ex 23:13 And in all things that I have said unto you be circumspect : and make no mention of the name of other gods, neither let it be heard out of thy month.
Ex 23:24 Thou shalt not bow down to their gods, nor serve them, nor do after their works : but thou shalt utterly overthrow them, and quite break down their images.
Ex 23:32 Thou shalt make no covenent with them, nor with their gods.
Ex 23:33 They shall not dwell in thy land, lest they make thee sin against me : for if thou serve their gods, it will surely be a snare unto thee.
Ex 32:1 And when the people saw that Moses delayed to come down out of the mount, the people gathered themselves together unto Aaron, and said unto him, Up, make us gods, which shall go before us; for us for this Moses, the man that brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we wot not what is become of him.
Ex32:4 And he received them at their hand, and fashioned it with a graving tool, after he had made it a molten calf: and they said, These be thy gods, O Israel, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt.
Ex32:8 They have turned aside quickly out of the way which I commanded them: they have made them a molten calf, and have worshipped it, and have sacrificed thereunto, and said, These be thy gods, O Israel, which have brought thee up out of the land of Egypt.
Ex 32:23 For they said unto me, Make us gods, which shall go before us: for as for this Moses, the man that brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we wot not what is become of him.
Ex 32:31 And Moses returned unto the LORD, and said, Oh, this people have sinned a great sin, and have made them gods of gold.
Ex 34:15 Lest thou make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, and they go a whoring after their gods, and do sacrifice unto their gods, and one call thee, and thou eat of his sacrifice;
Ex 34:16 And thou take of their daughters unto thy sons, and their daughters go a whoring after their gods, and make thy sons go a whoring after their gods.
Ex 34:17 Thou shalt make thee no molten gods.
Lev 19:4 Turn ye not unto idols, nor make to yourselves molten gods: I am the LORD your God.
Nu 25:2 And they called the people unto the sacrifices of their gods: and the people did eat, and bowed down to their gods.
Nu 33:4 For the Egyptians buried all their firstborn, which the LORD had smitten among them: upon their gods also the LORD executed judgments.
Deu 4:28 And there ye shall serve gods, the work of men's hands, wood and stone, which neither see, nor hear, nor eat, nor smell.
Deu 5:7 Thou shalt have none other gods, before me.
Deu 6:14 Ye shall not go afer other gods, of the gods of the people which are round about you;
Deu 7:4 For they will turn away thy son from following me, that they may serve other gods:
so will the anger of the LORD be kindled against you, and destroy thee suddenly.
Deu 7:16 And thou shalt consume all the people which the LORD thy God shall deliver thee; thine eye shall have no pity upon them : neither shalt thou serve their gods; for that will be a snare unto thee.
Deu 7:25 The graven images of their gods shall ye burn with fire: thou shalt not desire the silver of gold that is on them, nor take it unto thee, lest thou be snared therein: for it is an abomination to the LORD thy God.
Deu10:17 For the LORD your God is God of gods, and LORD of lords, a great God, a mighty, and a terrible, which regardeth not persons, nor taketh reward:
Deu11:16 Take heed to yourselves, that your heart be not deceived, and ye turn aside, and serve other gods, and worhip them;
Deu 11:28 And a curse, if ye will not obey the commandments of the LORD your God, but turn aside out of the way which I command you this day, to go after other gods, which ye have not know.
Deu 12:2 Ye shall utterly destroy all places, wherein the nation which ye shall possess served their gods, upon the high mountains, and upon the hills, and under every green tree.
Deu 17:3 And hath gone and served other gods, and worshipped them, either the sun, or moon, or any of the host of heaven, which I have not commanded;
Deu 18:20 But the prophet, which shall presume to speak a word in my name, which I have not commanded him to speak, or that shall speak in the name or other gods, even that prophet shall die..
Deu 30:17 But if thine hearth turn away, so that thou will not hear, but shalt be drawn away, and woship other gods, and serve them;
Deu 31:16 And the LORD said unto Moses, Behold, thou shalt sleep with thy fathers; and this people will rise up, and go a whoring after the gods of the stranger of the land, whither they go to be among them, and will forsake me, and break my covenant which I have made with them.
Deu 31:18 And I will surely hide my face in that day for all the evils which they shall have wrought in that they turn to other gods.
Deu31:20 For when I shall have brought them into the land which I sware unto their fathers, that floweth with milk and honey; and they shall have eaten and filled themselves, and waxen fat; then will they turn unto other gods, and serve them, and provoke me, and break my covenant.
Deu 32:17 They sacrificed unto devils, not to God; to gods whom they knew not, to new gods that came newly up, whom your fathers feared not.
Deu 32:37 And he shall say, Where are their gods, their rock in whom they trusted.
Deu 32:39 See now that I, even I, am he, and there is no god with me : I kill, and I make alive; I wound, and I heal: neither is there any that can deliver out of my hand.
Jos 23:7 That ye come not among these nations, these that remain among you; neither make mention of the name of their gods, nor cause to swear by them, neither serve them, now bow your-selves unto them:
Jos 23:16 When ye have transgressed the covenant of the LORD your God, which he commanded you, and have gone and served other gods, and bowed yourselves to them; then shall the anger of the LORD be kindled against you, and ye shall perish quickly from off the good land which he hath given unto you.
Jos 24:2 And Joshua said unto all the people, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, Your fathers dwelt on the other side of the flood in old time, even Te'-rah, the father of Abraham, and the father of Na'-chor: and they serve other gods.
Jos 24:14 Now therfore fear the LORD, and serve him in sincerity and in truth: and put away the gods which your fathers served on the other side of the flood, and in Egypt, and serve ye the LORD.
Jos 24:15 And if it seem evil unto you to serve the LORD, choose you this day whom ye will serve; whether the gods which your fathers served that were on the other side of the flood, or the gods of the Amorites, in whose land ye dwell: but as for me and my house, we will serve the LORD.
Jos 24:16 And the people answerd and said, God forbid that we should forsake the LORD, to serve other gods;
Jos 24:20 If ye forsake the LORD, and serve strange gods, then he will turn and do you hurt, and consume you, after that he hath done you good.
Jos 24:23 Now therefore put away, said he, the strange gods which are among you, and incline your heart unto the LORD God.of Israel.
Jud 2:3 Wherefore I also said, I will not drive them out from before you; but they shall be as thorns in your sides, and their gods shall be a snare unto you.
Jud 2:12 And they forsook the LORD God of their fathers, which brought them out of the land of Egypt, and followed other gods, of the gods of the people that were round about them, and bowed themsleve unto them, and provoke the LORD to anger.
Jud 2:17 And yet they would not hearken unto their judges, but they went a whoring after other gods, and bowed themselves unto them; they turned quickly out of the way which their fathers walked in, obeying the commandments of the LORD; but they did not so.
Jud 2:19 And it came to pass, when the judge was dead, that they returned, and corrupted themselves more than their fathers, in following other gods to serve them, and to bow down unto them; they ceased not from their own doings, nor from their stubborn way.
Jud 5:8 They close new gods; then was war in the gates: was there a shield or spear seen among forty thousand in Israel?
Jud 6:31 And Jo'-ash said unto all that stood against him, Will ye plead for Ba'-al? will ye save him? he that will plead for him, let him be put to death whilst it is yet morning: if he be a god, let him plead for himself, because one hath cast down his altar.
Jud 8:33 And it came to pass, as soon as Gideon was dead, that the children of Israel turned again, and went a whoring after Ba'-al-im, and make Ba'al-be'-rith their god.
Jud 9:27 And they went out into the fields, and gathered their vineyards, and trode the grapes, and make merry, and went into the house of their god, and did eat and drink, and cursed A-bim'-e-lech.
Jud 10:6 And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the LORD, and served Ba'-al-im, and Ash'-ta-roth, and the gods of Syria, and the gods of Zi'-don, and the godsof Moab, and the gods of the children of Ammon, and the gods of the Philistines, and forsook the LORD, and served not him.
Jud 10:13 Yet ye have forsaken me, and served other gods: wherefore I will deliver you no more.
Jud 10:14 Go and cry unto the gods which ye have chosen; let them deliver you in the time of your tribulation.
Jud 10:16 And they put away the strange gods from among them, and served th LORD: and his soul was grieved for the misery of Israel.
Jud 11:24 Wilt not thou possess that which Che'-mosh thy god giveth thee to possess? So whomsoever the LORD our God shall drive out from before us, them will we possess.
Jud16:23 Then the lords of the Philistines gathered them together for to offer a great sacrifice unto Da'-gon their god, and to rejoice: for they said, Our god hath delivered Samson our enemy into our hand.
Jud 16:24 And when the people saw him, they praised their gods : for they said, Our god hath delivered into our hands our enemy, and the destroyer of our country, which slew many of us.
Jud 18:24 And he said, Ye have taken away my gods which I made, and the priest, and ye are gone away: and what have I more? an what is this that ye said unto me, what aileth thee?
Ru 1:15 And she said, Behold, thy sister in law is gone back unto her people, and unto her gods: return thou after thy sister in law.
1 Sa 5:7 And when the men of Ash'-dod saw that it was so, they said, The ark of the God of Israel shall not abide with us : for his hand is sore upon us, and upon Da'gon our god.
1 Sa 6:5 Wherefore ye shall make images of your emerods, and images of your mice that mar the land: and ye shall give glory unto the God of Israel : peradventure he will lighten his hand from off you, and from off your gods, once from off your land.
1 Sa 7:3 And Samuel spake unto all the house of Israel, saying, If ye do return unto the LORD with all your hearts, then put away the strange gods and Ash'-ta-roth from among you, and prepare your hearts unto the LORD, and serve him only: and he will deliver you out of the hand of the Philistines.
1 Sa 8:8 According to all the works which they have done since the day that I brought them up of Egypt even unto this day, wherewith they have forsaken me, and served other gods, so do they also unto thee.
1 Sa 17:43 And the Philistine said unto David, Am I a dog, that then comest to me with staves? And the Philistine cursed David by his gods.
1 Sa 26:19 Now therefore, I pray thee, let my lord the king hear the words of his servant. If the LORD have stirred thee up against me, let him accept an offering: but if they be the children of men, cursed be they before the LORD; for they have driven me out this day from abiding in the inheritance of the LORD, saying, Go, serve other gods.
1 Sa 28:13 And the king said unto her, Be not afraid: for what sawest thou? And the woman said unto Saul, I saw gods ascending out of the earth.
2 Sa 7:23 And what one nation in the earth is like thy people, even like Isreal, whom God went to redeem for a people to himself, and to make him a name, and to do for you great things and terrible, for thy land, before thy people which thou redeemedst to thee from Egypt, from the nations and their gods?
1 K 9:6 But if ye shall at all turn from following me, ye or your children, and will not keep my commandments and my statutes which I have set before you, but go and serve other gods, and worship them:
1 K 9:9 And they shall answer, Because they forsook the LORD their God, who brought forth their fathers out of the land of Egypt, and have taken hold upon other gods, and have worshipped them, and served them : therefore hath the LORD brought upon them all this evil.
1 K11:2 Of the nations concerning which the LORD said unto the children of Israel, Ye shall not go in to them, neither shall they come in unto you: for surely they will turn away your heart after their gods : Solomon clave unto these in love.
1 K 11:4 For it came to pass, when Solomon was old, that his wives turned away his heart after other gods : and his heart was not perfect with the LORD his God, as was the heart of David his father.
1 K 11:5 For Solomon went after Ash'-to-reth the goddess of the Zi-do'-ni-ans, and after Mil'-com, the abomination of the Ammonites.
1 K 11:8 And likewise did he for all his strange wives, which burnt incense and sacrificed unto their gods.
1 K 11:10 And had commanded him concerning this thing, that he should not go after other gods : but he kept not that which the LORD commanded.
1 K 11:33 Because that they have forsaken me, and have worshipped Ash'-to-reth the goddess of the Zi-do'-ni-ans, Che'-mosh the god of the Moabites, and Mil'-com the god of the children of Ammon, and have not walked in my ways, to do that which is right in mine eyes, and to keep statutes and my judments, as did David his father.
1 K 12:28 Whereupon the king took counsel, and made two calves of gold, and said unto them, It is too much for you to go up to Jerusalem : behold thy gods, O Israel, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt.
1 K 14:9 But hast done evil above all that were before thee: for thou hast gone and made thee other gods, and molten images, to provoke me to anger, and hast cast me behind thy back:
1 K 18:24 And call ye on the name of your gods, and I will call on the name of the LORD: and the God that answereth by fire, let him be God. And all the people answered and said, it is well spoken.
1 K 18:25 And E-li'jah said unto the prophets of Ba'-al, Choose you one bullock for yourselves, and dress it first; for ye are many; and call on the name of your gods, but put no fire under.
1 K 18:27 And it came to pass at noon, that E-li'-jah mocked them, and said, cry aloud : for he is a god, either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in journey, or peradventure he sleepeth, and must be awaked.
1 K 19:2 Then Jez'-e-bel sent a messenger unto E-li'-jah, saying, So let the gods do to me, and more also, if I make not thy life as the life of one of them by tomorrow about this time.
1 K 20:10 And Ben-ha'-dad sent unto him, and said, The gods do so unto me, and more also, if the dust of Sa-ma'-ri-a shall suffice for handfuls for all the people that follow me.
1 K20:23 And the servants of the king of Syria said unto him, Their gods are gods of the hills: therfore they were stronger than we; but let us fight against them in the plain, and surely we shall be stronger than they.
2 K 1:2 Aand A-ha-zi'-ah fell down through a lattice in his upper chamber that was in Sa-ma'-ri-a, and was sick : and he sent his messengers, and said unto them, Go, enquire of Ba'-al-ze'bub the god of Ekron whether I shall recover of this disease.
2 K 1:3 But the angel of the LORD said to E-li'-jah the Tish'-bite, Arise, go up to meet the messengers of the king of Sa-ma'-ri-a, and say unto them, Is it not because there is not a God in Israel, that ye go to enquire of Ba'-al-ze'-bub the god of Ekron?
2 K 1:6 And they said unto him, There come a man up to meet us, and said unto us, Go, turn again unto the king that sent you, and say unto him; Thus saith the LORD, Is it not because there is not a God in Israel, that thou sendest to enquire of Ba'-al-ze'-bub the god of Ekron? therefore thou shalt not come down from that bed on which thou art gone up, but shalt surely die.
2 K 1:16 And he said unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Forasmuch as thou hast sent messengers to enquire of Ba'-al-ze'-bub the god of Ekron, is it not because there is no God in Israel to enquire of his word? therefore thou shalt not come down off that bed on which thou art gone up, but shalt surely die.
2 K 5:17 And Na'-a-man said, shall there not then, I pray thee, be given to thy servant two mules' burden of earth? for thy servant will henceforth offer neither burnt offering nor sacrifice unto other gods, but unto the LORD.
2 K 17:7 For so it was, that the children of Israel had sinned against the LORD their God, which had brought them up out of the land of Egypt, from under the hand of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and had feared other gods,
2 K17:29 Howbeit every nation made gods of their own, and put them in the houses of the high places which the Sa-mar'-i-tans had made, every nation in their cities wherein they dwelt.
2 K 17:31 And the A'-vites made Nib'-haz and Tartak, and the Se'-phar-vites burnt their children in fire to A-dram'-me-lech and A-nam'-me-lech, the godsof Se-phar-va'-im.
2 K 17:33 They feared the LORD, and served their own gods, after the manner of the nations whom they carried away from thence.
2 K 17:35 With whom the LORD had made a covenant, and charged them, saying, Ye shall not fear other gods, nor bow yourselves to them, nor serve them, nor sacrifice to them:
2 K17:37 And the statutes, and the ordinances, and the law, and the commandment, which he wrote for you, ye shall observe to do for evermore; and ye shall not fear other gods.
2 K 17:38 And the covenant that I have made with you ye shall not forget; neither shall ye fear other gods.
2 K 18:33 Hath any of the gods of the nations delivered at all his land out of the hand of the king of Assyria?
2 K 18:34 Where are the gods Ha'-math, and of Ar'-pad? where are the gods of Se-phar-va'-im, He'-na, and I'-vah? Have they delivered Sa-ma'-ri-a out of mine hand?
2K 18:35 Who are they among all the gods of the countries, that have delivered their country out of mine hand, that the LORD should deliver Jerusalem out of mine hand?
2 K 19:12 Have the gods of the nations delivered them which my fathers have destroyed; as Go'-zan, and Ha'-ran, and Re'-zeph, and the children of Eden which were in The-la'-sar?
2 K 19:18 And have cast their gods into the fire: for they were no gods, but the work of men's hands, wood and stone: therefore they have destroyed them.
2 K 19:37 And it came to pass, as he was worshipping in the house of Nis'-roch his god, that A-dram'-me-lech and Sha-re'-zer his sons smote him with the sword: and they escaped into the land of Ar-me'-ni-a. And E'-sar-had'-don his son reigned in his stead.
2 K 22:17 Because they have forsaken me, and have burned incense unto other gods, that they might provoke me to anger with all the works of their hands; therefore my wrath shall be kindled against this place, and shall not be quenched.
1 Ch 5:25 And they transgressed against the God of their fathers, and went a whoring after the gods of the people of the land, whom God destroyed before them.
1 Ch 10:10 And they put his armour in the house of their gods, and fastenend his head in the temple of Da'-gon.
1 Ch 14:12 And when they had left their gods there, David gave a commandment, and they were burned with fire.
1 Ch 16:25 For great is the LORD, and greatly to be praised: he also is to be feared above all gods.
1 Ch 16:26 For all the gods of the people are idols: but the LORD made the heavens.
2 Ch 2:5 And the house which I build is great : for great is our God above all gods.
2 Ch 7:19 But if ye turn away, and forsake my statues and my commandments, which I have set before you, and shall go and serve other gods, and worship them;
2 Ch 7:22 And it shall be answered, Because they forsook the LORD God of their fathers, which brought them forth out of the land of Egypt, and laid hold on other gods, and worshipped them, and served them: therefore hath he brought all this evil upon them.
2 Ch 13:8 And now ye think to withstand the kingdom of the LORD in the Hand of the sons of David; and ye be a great multitude, and there are with you golden calves, which Jer-o-bo'-am made you for gods.
2 Ch 13:9 Have ye not cast out the priests of the LORD, the sons of Aaron, and the Levites, and have made you priest after the manner of the nations of other lands? so that whosoever cometh to consecrate himself with a young bullock and seven rams, the same may be a priest of them that are no gods.
2 Ch 25:14 Now it came to pass, after that Am-a-zi'-ah was come from the slaughter of the Edomites, that he brought the gods of the children of Se'-ir, and set them up to be his gods, and bowed down himself before them, and burned incense unto them,
2 Ch 25:15 Wherefore the anger of the LORD was kindled against Am-a-zi'-ah, and he sent unto him a prophet, which said unto him, Why hast thou sought after the gods of the people, which could not deliver their own people out of thine hand?
2 Ch 25:20 But Am-a-zi'ah would not hear; for it came of God, that he might deliver them into the hand of their enemies, because they sought after the gods of Edom.
2 Ch 28:23 For he sacrificed unto the gods of Damascus, which smote him : and he said, Because the gods of the kings of Syria help them, therefore will I sacrifice to them, that they may help me, But they were the ruin of him, and of all Israel.
2 Ch 28:25 And in every several city of Judah made high places to burn incense unto other gods, and provoked to anger the LORD God of his father.
2 Ch 32:13 Know ye not what I and my fathers have done unto all the people of other lands? were the gods of the nations of those lands any ways able to deliver their lands out of mine hand?
2 Ch 32:17 He wrote also letters to rail on the LORD God of Israel, and to speak against him, saying, As the gods of the nations of other lands have not delivered their people out of mine hand, so shall not the God of Hez-e-ki'-ah deliver his people out mine hand.
2 Ch 32:19 And they spake against the God of Jerusalem, as against the gods of the people of the earth, which were the work of the hands of man.
2 Ch 32:21 And the LORD sent an angel, which cut off all the mighty men of valour, and the leaders and captains in the camp of the king of Assyria. So he returned with shame of face to his own land. And when he was come into the house of his god, they that came forth of his own bowels slew him there with the sword.
2 Ch 33:15 And he took away the strange gods, and the idol out of the house of the LORD, and all the altars that he had built in the mount of the house of the LORD, and in Jerusalem, and cast them out of the city.
2 Ch 34:25 Because they have forsaken me, and have burned incense unto other gods, that they might provoke me to anger with all the works of their hands; therefore my wrath shall be poured out upon this place, and shall not be quenched.
Ezr 1:7 Also Cyrus the king brought forth the vessels of the house of the LORD, which Neb-u-chad-nez'-zar had brought forth out of Jerusalem, and had put them in the house of his gods;
Ps 82:1 God standeth in the congregation of the mighty; he judgeth among the gods.
Ps 82:6 I have said, Ye are gods; and all of you are children of the most High.
Ps 86:8 Among the gods theree is none like unto thee, O LORD; neither are there any works like unto thy works.
Ps 95:3 For the LORD is a great God, and a great King above all gods.
Ps 96:4 For the LORD is great, and greatly to be praised: he is to be feared above all gods.
Ps 96:5 For all the gods of the nations are idols : but the LORD made the heavens.
Ps 97:7 Confounded be all they that serve graven images, that boast themselves of idols : worhip him, all ye gods.
Ps 97:9 For thou, LORD, art high above all the earth: thou art exalted far above all gods.
Ps 136:2 O give thanks unto the God of gods: for his mercy endureth for ever.Isa 21:9 And, behold, here cometh a chariot of men, with a couple of horseman. And be answered and said, Babylon is fallen, is fallen; and all the graven images of her gods he hath broken unto the ground.
Isa 36:18 Beware lest Hez-e-ki'-ah persuade you, saying, The LORD will deliver us. Hath any of the gods of the nations delivered his land out of the hand of the king of Assyria?
Isa 36:19 Where are the gods of Ha'-math and Ar-phad? Where are the gods of Seph-ar-va'-im? and have they delivered Sa-ma'-ri-a out of my hand
Isa 36:20 Who are they among all the gods of these lands, that have delivered their hand out of my hand, that the LORD should deliver Jerusalem out of my hand?
Isa 37:12 Have the gods of the nations delivered them which my fathers have destroyed, as Go'-zan, and Ha'-ran, and Re'zep, and the children of Eden which were in Telas'-sar?
Isa 37:19 And have cast their gods into the fire: for they were no gods, but the work of men's hands, wood and stone : therefore they have destroyed them.
Isa 37:38 Ant it came to pass, as he was worshipping in the house at Nis'-roch his god, that A-dram'-me-lech and Sha-re'-zer his sons smote him with the sword; and they escaped into the land of Ar-me'-ni-a: and E'-sar-had'-don his son reigned in his stead.
Isa 41:23 Shew the things that are to come hereafter, that we may known that ye are gods: yea, do good, or do evil, we may be dismayed, and behold it together.
Isa 42:17 They shall be turned back, they shall be greatly ashamed, that trust in graven images, that say to the molten images, Ye are our gods.
Jer 1:16 And I will utter my judgments against them touching all their wickedness, who have forsaken me, and have burned incense unto other gods, and worshipped the works of their own hands.
Jer 2:11 Hath a nation changed their gods, which are yet no gods? But my people have changed their glory for that which doth not profit.
Jer 2:28 But where are thy gods that thou hast made thee? let them arise, if they can save thee in the time of thy troubles: for accoding to the number of thy cities are thy gods, O Judah.
Jer 5:7 How shall I pardon thee for this? Thy children have forsaken me, and sworn by them that are no gods: when I had fed them to the full, they then committed adultery, and assembled themselves by troops in the harlots' houses.
Jer 5:19 And it shall come to pass, when ye shall say, wherefore doeth the LORD our God all these things unto us? then shalt thou answer them, Like as ye have forsaken me, and served strange gods in your land, so shall ye serve strangers in a land that is not yours.
Jer 7:6 If ye oppress not the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow, and shed not innocent blood in the place, neither walk after other gods to your hurt:
Jer 7:18 The children gather wood, and the fathers kindle the fire, and the women knead their dough, to make cakes to the queen of heaven, and to pour out drink offerings unto other gods, that they may provoke me to anger.
Jer 11:10 They and turned back to the iniquties of their forefathers, which refused to hear my words; and they went after other gods to serve them: the house of Israel and the house of Judah have broken my covenant which I made with their fathers.
Jer 11:12 Then shall the cities of Judah and inhabitants of Jerusalem go, and cry unto the gods unto whom they offer incense: but they shall not save them at all in the time of their trouble.
Jer 11:13 For according to the number of thy cities were thy gods, O Judah; and according to the number of the streets of Jerusalem have ye set up altars to that shameful thing, even altars to burn incense unto Ba'-al.
Jer 13:10 This evil people, which were refuse to hear my words, which walk in the imagination of their heart, and walk after other gods, to serve them, and to worship them, shall even be as this girdle, which is good for nothing.
Jer 16:11 Then shalt thou say unto them, Because your fathers have forsaken me, saith the LORD, and have walked after other gods and have served them, and have worshipped them, and have forsaken me , and have not kept my law;
Jer 16:13 Therfore will I cast you out of this land into a hand that ye know not, neither ye nor your fathers; and there shall ye serve other gods day and night; where I will not shew you favour.
Jer 16:20 Shall a man make gods unto himselve, and they are no gods?
Jer 19:4 Because they have forsaken me, and have estranged this place, and have burned incense in it unto other gods, whom neither they nor their fathers have known, nor the kings of Judah, and have filled this place with the blood of innocents;
Jer 19:13 And the houses of Jerusalem, and the houses of the kings of Judah, shall be defiled as the place of To'-phet, because of all the houses upon whose roofs lthey have burned incense unto all the host of heaven, and have poured out drink offerings unto other gods.
Jer 22:9 Then they shall answer, Because they have forsaken the covenant of the LORD their God, and worshipped other gods, and served them.
Jer 25:6 And go not after other gods to serve them, and to worship them, and provoke me not to anger with the works of your hands; and I will do you no hurt.
Jer 32:29 And the Chal-de'-ans, that fight against this city, shall come and set fire on this city, and burn it with the houses, upon whose roofs they have offered incense unto Ba'-al, and poured out drink offerings unto other gods, to provoke me to anger.
Jer 35:15 I have sent also unto you all my servants the prophets, rising up early and sending them, saying, Return ye now every man from his evil way, and amend your doings, and go not after other gods to serve them, and ye shall dwell in the land which I have given to you and your fathers: but ye have not inclined your ear, nor hearkened unto me.
Jer 43:12 And I will kindle a fire in the houses of the gods of Egypt; and he shall burn them, and carry them away captives: and he shall array himself with the land of Egypt , as a shepherd putteth on his garment; and he shall go forth from thence in peace.
Jer 43:13 He shall break also the images of Beth-she'-mesh, that is in the land of Egypt; and the houses of the gods of the Egyptians shall be burn with fire.
Jer 44:3 Because of their wickedness which they have committed to provoke me to anger, in that they went to burn incense, and to serve other gods, whom they knew not, neither they, ye, nor your fathers.
Jer 44:5 But they hearkend not, nor inclined their ear to turn from the wickedness, to burn no incense unto other god,
Jer 44:8 In that ye provoke me unto wrath with the works of your hands, burning incense unto other gods in the land of Egypt, whither ye be gone to dwell that ye might cut yourselves off, and that ye might be a curse and reproach among all the nations of the earth?
Jer 44:15 Then all the men which knew that their wives had burned incense unto other gods, and all the women that stood by, a great multitude, even all the people that dwelt in the land of Egypt, in Path'-ros, anwered Jeremiah, saying,
Jer 46:25 The LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, saith; Behold, I will punish the multidude of No, and Pharaoh, and Egypt, with their gods , and their kings; even Pharaoh, and all them that trust in him:
Jer 48:35 Moreover I will cause to cease in Moab, saith the LORD, him that offereth in the high places, and him that burneth incence to his gods.
Dan 1:2 And the LORD gave Je-hol'-a-kim king of Judah into his hand, with part of the vessels of the house of God: which he carried into the land of Shi'-nar to the house of his god; and he brought the vessels into the treasure house of his god.
Dan 11:8 And shall also carry captives into Egypt their gods; wih their princes, and with their precious vessels of silver and of gold; and he shall continue more years than the king of the north.
Hos 3:1 Then said the LORD unto me, Go yet, love a woman beloved of her friend, yet an adulteress, according to the love of the LORD toward the children of Israel, who look to other gods and love flagons of wine.
Hos 13:4 Yet I am the LORD thy God from the land of Egypt, and thou shalt know no god but me: for there is no saviour beside me.
Hos 14:3 Asshur shall not save us; we will not ride upon horses: neither will we say any more to the work of our hands, Ye are our gods: for in thee the fatherless findeth mercy.
Am 2:8 And they lay themselves down upon clothes laid to pledge by every altar, and they drink the wine of the condemned in the house of their god.
Am 5:26 But ye have borne the tabernacle of your Moloch and Chi'-un your imaages, the star of your god, which ye made to yourselves.
Jon 1:5 Then the mariners were afraid, and cried every man unto his god, and cast forth the wares that were in the ship into the sea, to lighten it of them. But Jonah was gone down into the sides of the ship; and he lay, and was fast asleep.
Mic 4:5 For all people will walk every one in the name of his god, and we will walk in the name of the LORD our God for ever and ever.
Nah 1:14 And the LORD hath given a commandment concerning thee, that no more of thy name be sown: out of the house of thy gods will I cut off the graven image and the molten image: I will make thy grave; for thou art vile.
Zep 2:11 The LORD will be terrible unto them: for he will famish all the gods of the earth; and men shall worship him, every one from his place, even all the isles of the heathen.
從上述原文用法, 可知Elohiym不只是God, 而且也是god和gods. 如果Elohiym是三位一的體的話, 那上述之外邦god和gods 是否也是三位一體?
除了God, god和 gods之外, Elohiym也譯為judges, judge和 angel. 那他們是否也是三位一體? 其原文(430)用法如下:
Ex 21:6 Then his master shall bring him unto the judges; he shall also bring him to the door, or unto the door post; and his master shall bore his ear through with an aul; and be shall serve him forever.
Ex 22:8 If the thief be not found, then the master of the house shall be brought unto the judges, to see whether he have put his hand unto his neighbour's goods.
1 Sa 2:25 If one man sin against another, the judge shall judge him: but if a man sin against the LORD, who shall intreat for him? Notwithstanding they hearkened not unto the voice of their father, because the LORD would slay them.
Ps 8:5 For thou hast made him a little lower than angels and hast crowned him with glory and honour.
Mal 2:15 And did not he make one? Yet had he the residue of the spirit. And wherefore one? That he might seek a godly seed. Therefore take heed to your spirit, and let none deal treacherously against the wife of his youth.
考証Apostolic Bible Polygot, 舊約的神字(430), 新約以Strong號碼2316代之. 其解釋為God, a god和magistrate. 參閱希臘文之2316, 其意思如下:
聖經原文字典(浸宣出版社) : 神. 在新約中出現1304次, 在七十士譯本, 以此希臘文所表達的希伯來文的Strongs號碼為430, 433和426. 同一本字典解釋433為諸神之一.. 在和合本總共出現57次. 426字意為神, 神祇, 相當與433.
The Strongest Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of The Bible (Zondervan) : God, usually referring to the one true God; in a very few contexts it refers to a (pagan) god or goddes. The “son of God”as tittle of Jesus emphasizes his unique relationship to the Father. “The god of this age” refers to the devil.在KJV中譯為God/god 1309次, God's15次, gods 8次, godly6 次, Godward 2次.
聖經原文串珠註解(浸宣出版社) : 在新約的意思為神, 原文字義是神, 相當與舊約之0002, 1321和1723. 0002為神, 與strong號碼0430相同; 1321亦神, 與strong 號碼433相同. 1723也是神, 與strong 號碼0426相同.
Vine's Complete Expository Dictionary (Thomas Nelson Publisher) : 2316 was appropriated by Jews and retained by Christian to denote “the one true God.” In the Septuagint, 2316 translates (with fes exception) the Hebrew words Elohim and Jehovah, the former indicating His power and preminence, the latter His unoriginated, immutable, eternal and self-sustained exixtance.
The New Strong's Concise Dictionary of Bible Words: of uncertainly affixed; a deity, sepecially the supreme Divinity: figuretively a majistrate; by Hebrew, very, exceedingly, God, god, godly, godward.
Hebrew Greek Key Study Bible (NIV) :其號碼為2536. 其意思為God; (pagaan) god, Goddess. 此書又進一步解釋: God, Deity; (false) god; ruler, judge. In the New Testament used us The Triune God, corresponding to the hebrew tittle elohiym know as the tetratgranematan YHWH.
The Complete Word Study Dictionary: masculine noun. God. Originally used by the heathen, but in the New Testament as the name of the true God. The heathen thought the gods were makers and disposers (placers) of all things. The ancient Greeks used the word both in the singular and the plural. When they used the plural, they intimated their belief that elements had their own “disposer” or “placer”, e.g., the god of moneh called mammon (Matt 6:24; Luke 16:9,13). The heavens were the grand objects of divine worship throughout the heathen world as is apparent from the names attributed to the gods by the ancient greeks. The Scriptures also attest to this (Act7:42, 43; Deut 4:19; 17:3; 2Kgs. 17:16; 23:4,5; Job 31:26,27; Jer 8:2; 19:13; Zeph. 1:5).
如考證原文2316的用法, 可知除了God以外, 它也譯為god和gods. 茲將其原文譯法抄錄如下:
Joh 10:34 Jesus answered them, Is it not write in your law, I said, Ye are gods?
Joh 10:35 If he called them gods, unto whom the word of God came, and the scripture cannot be broken;
Acts 7:40 Saying unto Aaron, Make us gods to go before us: for as for this Moses, which brought us out of the land of Egypt, we wot not what is become of him.
Acts 7:43 Yea, ye took up the tabernacle of Mo'-loch, and the star of your god Rem'-phan, figures which ye made to worship them : and I will carry you away beyond Babylon.
Acts 12:22 And the people gave a shout, saying, Is is the voice of a god and not of a man.
Acts 19:26 Moreover ye see and hear, that not alone at Eph'-e-sus, but almost throughout all Asia, this Paul hath persuaded and turned away much people, saying that they be no gods, which are made with hands:
Acts 28:6 Howbeit they looked when he should have swollen, or fallen down dead suddenly: but after they had looked a great while, and saw no harm come to him, they changed their minds, and said that he was a god.
Gal 4:8 Howbeit then, when ye knew not God, ye did service unto them which by nature are no gods.
1 Ti 1:4 Neither give heed to fables and endless genealogies, which minister questions, rather than godly edifying which is in faith: so do.
3 Joh 6 which have borne witness of thy charity before the church: whom if thou bring forward on their journey after a godly sort, thou shalt do well:
結果還是一樣, 2316 譯為 God, god, gods 和godly. 'gods' 的複數是多位神, 而不是多位位格. 從其原文用法來看, Hebrew-Greek Key Study Bible (NIV) 所給于的定義, 即三位一體, 是沒有聖經根據的. 其理由如下:
第一, 他們必須假設gods (elohiym)為many 而非many gods.
第二, 他們必須假設所謂的many是三.
第三, 他們必須假設many 的東西是位格.
這也就是說, 三位一體的理論完全建立在假設上. 只要其中一個假設不成立, 整個三位一體的理論就倒了.
進而解釋elohiym乃暗指神的三個位格. 此說法是否可取, 只要我們看看其字義即可知道:
在聖經原文舊約希伯來字典(浸宣出版社) 第26頁註明其字義為神或諸神. 此字在和合本譯為神2512次, 神像11次, 審判官3, 神明2次, 主2次, 審判1次, 像1次, 尊大的1次 , 虔誠1次, 甚大的1次, 天使1次, 女神1次, 士師1次, 總數為2538次.
聖經原文串珠註解( 浸宣出版社) 第1和第2頁解釋得很清楚::
“神"創1:1; 原文字義是’大能者; 起誓約束自己者’. 在不同的上下文中,也譯成'尊
大'( 創'23:6); '大大' '甚大' (創30:8; 撒上14:15); '天使'(詩8:5), 各1次, 其餘250次均譯成神. HB 0430 在七十士譯本以 2316 表達. GK 2316 在新約中譯為'神'太1:23; 在舊約開始說明神是創造宇宙萬有及人類的神, 在新約第一章開始重新敘述'神要與我們同在'.
The New Strong's Concise Dictionary of Bible Words (Thomas Nelson Publishers)之English Index to the biblical language 對elohiym的解釋為God; gods; great ones(第13頁). 同一本書之New Strong's Concise Dictionary of the Words in the Hebrew Bible 作如下解釋:
Plural of 433; gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural, thus, especially with the article) of the supreme God; occasionally applied by way of deference to magistrates, and sometimes as a superlative: -angels, excedingly God (gods) (-dess), (very) great, judges, mighty.
在The Hebrews-Greek (AMG Publishers) 之Lexical Aids to the Old Testament Goodrick-Kohlenberger numbering system, 其號碼為466(第1504頁), 其解釋為God; god. The most common Hebrews word translated 'God' in the OT. Occasionally with modifiers such as righteous (Ps7:9), living (1Sa17.26), holy(Jos24:19), and true (2 Ch 15:3). Plural in form, but has both singular and plural uses. Usually takes a singular verb, so no implication of any plurality in the divine nature can be infexed from the fact that the word is plural. When used as a plural, it can refer to rulers of judges with divine autority (Ex21:6), pagan gods (Ex 18:11; Ps86:8), and angels (Ps8:5). In the singular it can denote a god or a goddes (1Sa 5:7; 2Ki18:33) and a man representing God (Ex7:1), God (Dt7:9; Ezr 1:3; Isa45:18)
同一本書之Concise Dictionary of The Hebrews 第1905頁如此說: God (pl of majesty); gods; mighty one, great one; judge; (same as Strong number 430).
在the Strongest Strong Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible之Hebres-Aramaic Dictionary -Index to the OT (第1360頁)解釋如下:
God (plural of majesty: plural in form but singular in meaning, with a focus on great power);
gods (true grammatical plural); any person characterized by greatness or power; mighty one, great one, judge.
在聖經辭典上冊A-J (天道書樓有限公司)第572頁如此說:
伊羅興雖然是復數, 但也可以作是單數來解釋, 意即'最高的神' (英文譯作'God', '神').文法上來說, 伊羅興像英文的God字一樣, 是個普通名詞. 所表達的是關呼神的一切觀念跟人(民23:19)和其他受造之物為對比. 用伊羅興來形容宇宙性或普世性的關係, 是適切(創 1:1), 因為只有一位至高的真神, 而他是有位格的. 依羅興在性質上接近專有名詞, 但沒失去他抽象和概念方面的特質.
在 The Complete Words Study Dictionary Old Testament (AMG Publisher)第54頁提到三位一體, 但聲明其意思只是間接提到而已. 茲將其註釋抄錄如下:
A masculine plural noun meaning God, gods, judges, angels.Occuring more than 2600 times in Old Testament, this word commonly designates the One True God (Gen1:1) and is often paired with God's unique name Yehowah (3068)(Gen 2:4; Ps100:3). When the word is used as the generic designation of God, it convey in Scripture that God is the Creator (Gen5:1); the King (Ps47:7[8]); the Judge (Ps 50:6); the Lord (Ps86:12); and the Savior (Hos13:4). His character is compassionate(Deut4:13); gracious (Ps116:5); and faithfully to His covenant (Deut 7:9).In fewer instances, this word refer to foreign gods, such as Dagon(1Sam 5:7) or Baal(1Kgs18:24). It also might refer to judges (Es22:8[7]; 9[8]) or angels as gods (Ps97:7). Although the form of this word is plural, it is frequently used as if it was singular, that is, with a singular word (Gen1:1-31; Ex2:24). The plural form of this word may be regarded (1) as intensive to indicate God's fullness of power; (2) as majestic to indicate God's kingly rule; (3) as an allusion of the trinity (Gen1:26). The singular form of the word eloah (433) occurs only in poetry(Ps50:22; Isa44:8). The shortenend form of the word is el(410).
在聖經中, 包括上述主張三位一體的Comlete Word Study Dictionary Old Testament, 都提到elohiym 其中的意思為plural of majestic 的神(God), 外邦人的神(god)和諸神或多神(gods); 絶對沒含有多位的意思. 主張三位一體的人, 先有三位一體的概念, 然後才來找聖經章節來支持之. 就算Elohiym 是多位而非多神, 也未必是多位位格. 因為如果是多位的話, 可以多位其他東西!
所謂的神(god) 或多神(gods), 我們可以從其原文用法(430) 可得知(經文全引自KJV):
Gen 3:5 For God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be openend, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil.
Gen 31:32 With whomsoever thou findest the gods, let him not live: before our brethren discern thou what is thine with me, and that Rachel had stolen them.
Gen 35:2 Then Jacob said unto his household, and to all that were with him, Put away the strange gods that are among you, and be clean, and change your garments.
Gen 35:4 And they gave unto Jacob all the strange gods which were in their hand, and all their earrings which were in their ears; and Jacob hid them under the oak which was by She'-chem.
Ex7:1 And the Lord said unto Moses, See, I have made thee a god to Pharaoh : and Aaron thy brother shall be thy prophet.
Ex12:12 For I will pass through the land of Egypt this night, and will smite all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, both man and beast; and against all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgment: I am the LORD.
Ex 18:11 Now I know that the LORD is greater than all gods : for in the thing wherein they dealt proudly he was above them.
Ex 20:3 Thou shalt have no other gods before me.
Ex 20:23 Ye shall not make with me gods of silver, neither shall ye make unto you gods of gold.
Ex 22:20 He that sacrificeth unto any god, save unto the LORD only, he shall be utterly destroyed.
Ex 22:28 Thou shalt not revile the gods, nor curse the ruler of thy people.
Ex 23:13 And in all things that I have said unto you be circumspect : and make no mention of the name of other gods, neither let it be heard out of thy month.
Ex 23:24 Thou shalt not bow down to their gods, nor serve them, nor do after their works : but thou shalt utterly overthrow them, and quite break down their images.
Ex 23:32 Thou shalt make no covenent with them, nor with their gods.
Ex 23:33 They shall not dwell in thy land, lest they make thee sin against me : for if thou serve their gods, it will surely be a snare unto thee.
Ex 32:1 And when the people saw that Moses delayed to come down out of the mount, the people gathered themselves together unto Aaron, and said unto him, Up, make us gods, which shall go before us; for us for this Moses, the man that brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we wot not what is become of him.
Ex32:4 And he received them at their hand, and fashioned it with a graving tool, after he had made it a molten calf: and they said, These be thy gods, O Israel, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt.
Ex32:8 They have turned aside quickly out of the way which I commanded them: they have made them a molten calf, and have worshipped it, and have sacrificed thereunto, and said, These be thy gods, O Israel, which have brought thee up out of the land of Egypt.
Ex 32:23 For they said unto me, Make us gods, which shall go before us: for as for this Moses, the man that brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we wot not what is become of him.
Ex 32:31 And Moses returned unto the LORD, and said, Oh, this people have sinned a great sin, and have made them gods of gold.
Ex 34:15 Lest thou make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, and they go a whoring after their gods, and do sacrifice unto their gods, and one call thee, and thou eat of his sacrifice;
Ex 34:16 And thou take of their daughters unto thy sons, and their daughters go a whoring after their gods, and make thy sons go a whoring after their gods.
Ex 34:17 Thou shalt make thee no molten gods.
Lev 19:4 Turn ye not unto idols, nor make to yourselves molten gods: I am the LORD your God.
Nu 25:2 And they called the people unto the sacrifices of their gods: and the people did eat, and bowed down to their gods.
Nu 33:4 For the Egyptians buried all their firstborn, which the LORD had smitten among them: upon their gods also the LORD executed judgments.
Deu 4:28 And there ye shall serve gods, the work of men's hands, wood and stone, which neither see, nor hear, nor eat, nor smell.
Deu 5:7 Thou shalt have none other gods, before me.
Deu 6:14 Ye shall not go afer other gods, of the gods of the people which are round about you;
Deu 7:4 For they will turn away thy son from following me, that they may serve other gods:
so will the anger of the LORD be kindled against you, and destroy thee suddenly.
Deu 7:16 And thou shalt consume all the people which the LORD thy God shall deliver thee; thine eye shall have no pity upon them : neither shalt thou serve their gods; for that will be a snare unto thee.
Deu 7:25 The graven images of their gods shall ye burn with fire: thou shalt not desire the silver of gold that is on them, nor take it unto thee, lest thou be snared therein: for it is an abomination to the LORD thy God.
Deu10:17 For the LORD your God is God of gods, and LORD of lords, a great God, a mighty, and a terrible, which regardeth not persons, nor taketh reward:
Deu11:16 Take heed to yourselves, that your heart be not deceived, and ye turn aside, and serve other gods, and worhip them;
Deu 11:28 And a curse, if ye will not obey the commandments of the LORD your God, but turn aside out of the way which I command you this day, to go after other gods, which ye have not know.
Deu 12:2 Ye shall utterly destroy all places, wherein the nation which ye shall possess served their gods, upon the high mountains, and upon the hills, and under every green tree.
Deu 17:3 And hath gone and served other gods, and worshipped them, either the sun, or moon, or any of the host of heaven, which I have not commanded;
Deu 18:20 But the prophet, which shall presume to speak a word in my name, which I have not commanded him to speak, or that shall speak in the name or other gods, even that prophet shall die..
Deu 30:17 But if thine hearth turn away, so that thou will not hear, but shalt be drawn away, and woship other gods, and serve them;
Deu 31:16 And the LORD said unto Moses, Behold, thou shalt sleep with thy fathers; and this people will rise up, and go a whoring after the gods of the stranger of the land, whither they go to be among them, and will forsake me, and break my covenant which I have made with them.
Deu 31:18 And I will surely hide my face in that day for all the evils which they shall have wrought in that they turn to other gods.
Deu31:20 For when I shall have brought them into the land which I sware unto their fathers, that floweth with milk and honey; and they shall have eaten and filled themselves, and waxen fat; then will they turn unto other gods, and serve them, and provoke me, and break my covenant.
Deu 32:17 They sacrificed unto devils, not to God; to gods whom they knew not, to new gods that came newly up, whom your fathers feared not.
Deu 32:37 And he shall say, Where are their gods, their rock in whom they trusted.
Deu 32:39 See now that I, even I, am he, and there is no god with me : I kill, and I make alive; I wound, and I heal: neither is there any that can deliver out of my hand.
Jos 23:7 That ye come not among these nations, these that remain among you; neither make mention of the name of their gods, nor cause to swear by them, neither serve them, now bow your-selves unto them:
Jos 23:16 When ye have transgressed the covenant of the LORD your God, which he commanded you, and have gone and served other gods, and bowed yourselves to them; then shall the anger of the LORD be kindled against you, and ye shall perish quickly from off the good land which he hath given unto you.
Jos 24:2 And Joshua said unto all the people, Thus saith the LORD God of Israel, Your fathers dwelt on the other side of the flood in old time, even Te'-rah, the father of Abraham, and the father of Na'-chor: and they serve other gods.
Jos 24:14 Now therfore fear the LORD, and serve him in sincerity and in truth: and put away the gods which your fathers served on the other side of the flood, and in Egypt, and serve ye the LORD.
Jos 24:15 And if it seem evil unto you to serve the LORD, choose you this day whom ye will serve; whether the gods which your fathers served that were on the other side of the flood, or the gods of the Amorites, in whose land ye dwell: but as for me and my house, we will serve the LORD.
Jos 24:16 And the people answerd and said, God forbid that we should forsake the LORD, to serve other gods;
Jos 24:20 If ye forsake the LORD, and serve strange gods, then he will turn and do you hurt, and consume you, after that he hath done you good.
Jos 24:23 Now therefore put away, said he, the strange gods which are among you, and incline your heart unto the LORD God.of Israel.
Jud 2:3 Wherefore I also said, I will not drive them out from before you; but they shall be as thorns in your sides, and their gods shall be a snare unto you.
Jud 2:12 And they forsook the LORD God of their fathers, which brought them out of the land of Egypt, and followed other gods, of the gods of the people that were round about them, and bowed themsleve unto them, and provoke the LORD to anger.
Jud 2:17 And yet they would not hearken unto their judges, but they went a whoring after other gods, and bowed themselves unto them; they turned quickly out of the way which their fathers walked in, obeying the commandments of the LORD; but they did not so.
Jud 2:19 And it came to pass, when the judge was dead, that they returned, and corrupted themselves more than their fathers, in following other gods to serve them, and to bow down unto them; they ceased not from their own doings, nor from their stubborn way.
Jud 5:8 They close new gods; then was war in the gates: was there a shield or spear seen among forty thousand in Israel?
Jud 6:31 And Jo'-ash said unto all that stood against him, Will ye plead for Ba'-al? will ye save him? he that will plead for him, let him be put to death whilst it is yet morning: if he be a god, let him plead for himself, because one hath cast down his altar.
Jud 8:33 And it came to pass, as soon as Gideon was dead, that the children of Israel turned again, and went a whoring after Ba'-al-im, and make Ba'al-be'-rith their god.
Jud 9:27 And they went out into the fields, and gathered their vineyards, and trode the grapes, and make merry, and went into the house of their god, and did eat and drink, and cursed A-bim'-e-lech.
Jud 10:6 And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the LORD, and served Ba'-al-im, and Ash'-ta-roth, and the gods of Syria, and the gods of Zi'-don, and the godsof Moab, and the gods of the children of Ammon, and the gods of the Philistines, and forsook the LORD, and served not him.
Jud 10:13 Yet ye have forsaken me, and served other gods: wherefore I will deliver you no more.
Jud 10:14 Go and cry unto the gods which ye have chosen; let them deliver you in the time of your tribulation.
Jud 10:16 And they put away the strange gods from among them, and served th LORD: and his soul was grieved for the misery of Israel.
Jud 11:24 Wilt not thou possess that which Che'-mosh thy god giveth thee to possess? So whomsoever the LORD our God shall drive out from before us, them will we possess.
Jud16:23 Then the lords of the Philistines gathered them together for to offer a great sacrifice unto Da'-gon their god, and to rejoice: for they said, Our god hath delivered Samson our enemy into our hand.
Jud 16:24 And when the people saw him, they praised their gods : for they said, Our god hath delivered into our hands our enemy, and the destroyer of our country, which slew many of us.
Jud 18:24 And he said, Ye have taken away my gods which I made, and the priest, and ye are gone away: and what have I more? an what is this that ye said unto me, what aileth thee?
Ru 1:15 And she said, Behold, thy sister in law is gone back unto her people, and unto her gods: return thou after thy sister in law.
1 Sa 5:7 And when the men of Ash'-dod saw that it was so, they said, The ark of the God of Israel shall not abide with us : for his hand is sore upon us, and upon Da'gon our god.
1 Sa 6:5 Wherefore ye shall make images of your emerods, and images of your mice that mar the land: and ye shall give glory unto the God of Israel : peradventure he will lighten his hand from off you, and from off your gods, once from off your land.
1 Sa 7:3 And Samuel spake unto all the house of Israel, saying, If ye do return unto the LORD with all your hearts, then put away the strange gods and Ash'-ta-roth from among you, and prepare your hearts unto the LORD, and serve him only: and he will deliver you out of the hand of the Philistines.
1 Sa 8:8 According to all the works which they have done since the day that I brought them up of Egypt even unto this day, wherewith they have forsaken me, and served other gods, so do they also unto thee.
1 Sa 17:43 And the Philistine said unto David, Am I a dog, that then comest to me with staves? And the Philistine cursed David by his gods.
1 Sa 26:19 Now therefore, I pray thee, let my lord the king hear the words of his servant. If the LORD have stirred thee up against me, let him accept an offering: but if they be the children of men, cursed be they before the LORD; for they have driven me out this day from abiding in the inheritance of the LORD, saying, Go, serve other gods.
1 Sa 28:13 And the king said unto her, Be not afraid: for what sawest thou? And the woman said unto Saul, I saw gods ascending out of the earth.
2 Sa 7:23 And what one nation in the earth is like thy people, even like Isreal, whom God went to redeem for a people to himself, and to make him a name, and to do for you great things and terrible, for thy land, before thy people which thou redeemedst to thee from Egypt, from the nations and their gods?
1 K 9:6 But if ye shall at all turn from following me, ye or your children, and will not keep my commandments and my statutes which I have set before you, but go and serve other gods, and worship them:
1 K 9:9 And they shall answer, Because they forsook the LORD their God, who brought forth their fathers out of the land of Egypt, and have taken hold upon other gods, and have worshipped them, and served them : therefore hath the LORD brought upon them all this evil.
1 K11:2 Of the nations concerning which the LORD said unto the children of Israel, Ye shall not go in to them, neither shall they come in unto you: for surely they will turn away your heart after their gods : Solomon clave unto these in love.
1 K 11:4 For it came to pass, when Solomon was old, that his wives turned away his heart after other gods : and his heart was not perfect with the LORD his God, as was the heart of David his father.
1 K 11:5 For Solomon went after Ash'-to-reth the goddess of the Zi-do'-ni-ans, and after Mil'-com, the abomination of the Ammonites.
1 K 11:8 And likewise did he for all his strange wives, which burnt incense and sacrificed unto their gods.
1 K 11:10 And had commanded him concerning this thing, that he should not go after other gods : but he kept not that which the LORD commanded.
1 K 11:33 Because that they have forsaken me, and have worshipped Ash'-to-reth the goddess of the Zi-do'-ni-ans, Che'-mosh the god of the Moabites, and Mil'-com the god of the children of Ammon, and have not walked in my ways, to do that which is right in mine eyes, and to keep statutes and my judments, as did David his father.
1 K 12:28 Whereupon the king took counsel, and made two calves of gold, and said unto them, It is too much for you to go up to Jerusalem : behold thy gods, O Israel, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt.
1 K 14:9 But hast done evil above all that were before thee: for thou hast gone and made thee other gods, and molten images, to provoke me to anger, and hast cast me behind thy back:
1 K 18:24 And call ye on the name of your gods, and I will call on the name of the LORD: and the God that answereth by fire, let him be God. And all the people answered and said, it is well spoken.
1 K 18:25 And E-li'jah said unto the prophets of Ba'-al, Choose you one bullock for yourselves, and dress it first; for ye are many; and call on the name of your gods, but put no fire under.
1 K 18:27 And it came to pass at noon, that E-li'-jah mocked them, and said, cry aloud : for he is a god, either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in journey, or peradventure he sleepeth, and must be awaked.
1 K 19:2 Then Jez'-e-bel sent a messenger unto E-li'-jah, saying, So let the gods do to me, and more also, if I make not thy life as the life of one of them by tomorrow about this time.
1 K 20:10 And Ben-ha'-dad sent unto him, and said, The gods do so unto me, and more also, if the dust of Sa-ma'-ri-a shall suffice for handfuls for all the people that follow me.
1 K20:23 And the servants of the king of Syria said unto him, Their gods are gods of the hills: therfore they were stronger than we; but let us fight against them in the plain, and surely we shall be stronger than they.
2 K 1:2 Aand A-ha-zi'-ah fell down through a lattice in his upper chamber that was in Sa-ma'-ri-a, and was sick : and he sent his messengers, and said unto them, Go, enquire of Ba'-al-ze'bub the god of Ekron whether I shall recover of this disease.
2 K 1:3 But the angel of the LORD said to E-li'-jah the Tish'-bite, Arise, go up to meet the messengers of the king of Sa-ma'-ri-a, and say unto them, Is it not because there is not a God in Israel, that ye go to enquire of Ba'-al-ze'-bub the god of Ekron?
2 K 1:6 And they said unto him, There come a man up to meet us, and said unto us, Go, turn again unto the king that sent you, and say unto him; Thus saith the LORD, Is it not because there is not a God in Israel, that thou sendest to enquire of Ba'-al-ze'-bub the god of Ekron? therefore thou shalt not come down from that bed on which thou art gone up, but shalt surely die.
2 K 1:16 And he said unto him, Thus saith the LORD, Forasmuch as thou hast sent messengers to enquire of Ba'-al-ze'-bub the god of Ekron, is it not because there is no God in Israel to enquire of his word? therefore thou shalt not come down off that bed on which thou art gone up, but shalt surely die.
2 K 5:17 And Na'-a-man said, shall there not then, I pray thee, be given to thy servant two mules' burden of earth? for thy servant will henceforth offer neither burnt offering nor sacrifice unto other gods, but unto the LORD.
2 K 17:7 For so it was, that the children of Israel had sinned against the LORD their God, which had brought them up out of the land of Egypt, from under the hand of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and had feared other gods,
2 K17:29 Howbeit every nation made gods of their own, and put them in the houses of the high places which the Sa-mar'-i-tans had made, every nation in their cities wherein they dwelt.
2 K 17:31 And the A'-vites made Nib'-haz and Tartak, and the Se'-phar-vites burnt their children in fire to A-dram'-me-lech and A-nam'-me-lech, the godsof Se-phar-va'-im.
2 K 17:33 They feared the LORD, and served their own gods, after the manner of the nations whom they carried away from thence.
2 K 17:35 With whom the LORD had made a covenant, and charged them, saying, Ye shall not fear other gods, nor bow yourselves to them, nor serve them, nor sacrifice to them:
2 K17:37 And the statutes, and the ordinances, and the law, and the commandment, which he wrote for you, ye shall observe to do for evermore; and ye shall not fear other gods.
2 K 17:38 And the covenant that I have made with you ye shall not forget; neither shall ye fear other gods.
2 K 18:33 Hath any of the gods of the nations delivered at all his land out of the hand of the king of Assyria?
2 K 18:34 Where are the gods Ha'-math, and of Ar'-pad? where are the gods of Se-phar-va'-im, He'-na, and I'-vah? Have they delivered Sa-ma'-ri-a out of mine hand?
2K 18:35 Who are they among all the gods of the countries, that have delivered their country out of mine hand, that the LORD should deliver Jerusalem out of mine hand?
2 K 19:12 Have the gods of the nations delivered them which my fathers have destroyed; as Go'-zan, and Ha'-ran, and Re'-zeph, and the children of Eden which were in The-la'-sar?
2 K 19:18 And have cast their gods into the fire: for they were no gods, but the work of men's hands, wood and stone: therefore they have destroyed them.
2 K 19:37 And it came to pass, as he was worshipping in the house of Nis'-roch his god, that A-dram'-me-lech and Sha-re'-zer his sons smote him with the sword: and they escaped into the land of Ar-me'-ni-a. And E'-sar-had'-don his son reigned in his stead.
2 K 22:17 Because they have forsaken me, and have burned incense unto other gods, that they might provoke me to anger with all the works of their hands; therefore my wrath shall be kindled against this place, and shall not be quenched.
1 Ch 5:25 And they transgressed against the God of their fathers, and went a whoring after the gods of the people of the land, whom God destroyed before them.
1 Ch 10:10 And they put his armour in the house of their gods, and fastenend his head in the temple of Da'-gon.
1 Ch 14:12 And when they had left their gods there, David gave a commandment, and they were burned with fire.
1 Ch 16:25 For great is the LORD, and greatly to be praised: he also is to be feared above all gods.
1 Ch 16:26 For all the gods of the people are idols: but the LORD made the heavens.
2 Ch 2:5 And the house which I build is great : for great is our God above all gods.
2 Ch 7:19 But if ye turn away, and forsake my statues and my commandments, which I have set before you, and shall go and serve other gods, and worship them;
2 Ch 7:22 And it shall be answered, Because they forsook the LORD God of their fathers, which brought them forth out of the land of Egypt, and laid hold on other gods, and worshipped them, and served them: therefore hath he brought all this evil upon them.
2 Ch 13:8 And now ye think to withstand the kingdom of the LORD in the Hand of the sons of David; and ye be a great multitude, and there are with you golden calves, which Jer-o-bo'-am made you for gods.
2 Ch 13:9 Have ye not cast out the priests of the LORD, the sons of Aaron, and the Levites, and have made you priest after the manner of the nations of other lands? so that whosoever cometh to consecrate himself with a young bullock and seven rams, the same may be a priest of them that are no gods.
2 Ch 25:14 Now it came to pass, after that Am-a-zi'-ah was come from the slaughter of the Edomites, that he brought the gods of the children of Se'-ir, and set them up to be his gods, and bowed down himself before them, and burned incense unto them,
2 Ch 25:15 Wherefore the anger of the LORD was kindled against Am-a-zi'-ah, and he sent unto him a prophet, which said unto him, Why hast thou sought after the gods of the people, which could not deliver their own people out of thine hand?
2 Ch 25:20 But Am-a-zi'ah would not hear; for it came of God, that he might deliver them into the hand of their enemies, because they sought after the gods of Edom.
2 Ch 28:23 For he sacrificed unto the gods of Damascus, which smote him : and he said, Because the gods of the kings of Syria help them, therefore will I sacrifice to them, that they may help me, But they were the ruin of him, and of all Israel.
2 Ch 28:25 And in every several city of Judah made high places to burn incense unto other gods, and provoked to anger the LORD God of his father.
2 Ch 32:13 Know ye not what I and my fathers have done unto all the people of other lands? were the gods of the nations of those lands any ways able to deliver their lands out of mine hand?
2 Ch 32:17 He wrote also letters to rail on the LORD God of Israel, and to speak against him, saying, As the gods of the nations of other lands have not delivered their people out of mine hand, so shall not the God of Hez-e-ki'-ah deliver his people out mine hand.
2 Ch 32:19 And they spake against the God of Jerusalem, as against the gods of the people of the earth, which were the work of the hands of man.
2 Ch 32:21 And the LORD sent an angel, which cut off all the mighty men of valour, and the leaders and captains in the camp of the king of Assyria. So he returned with shame of face to his own land. And when he was come into the house of his god, they that came forth of his own bowels slew him there with the sword.
2 Ch 33:15 And he took away the strange gods, and the idol out of the house of the LORD, and all the altars that he had built in the mount of the house of the LORD, and in Jerusalem, and cast them out of the city.
2 Ch 34:25 Because they have forsaken me, and have burned incense unto other gods, that they might provoke me to anger with all the works of their hands; therefore my wrath shall be poured out upon this place, and shall not be quenched.
Ezr 1:7 Also Cyrus the king brought forth the vessels of the house of the LORD, which Neb-u-chad-nez'-zar had brought forth out of Jerusalem, and had put them in the house of his gods;
Ps 82:1 God standeth in the congregation of the mighty; he judgeth among the gods.
Ps 82:6 I have said, Ye are gods; and all of you are children of the most High.
Ps 86:8 Among the gods theree is none like unto thee, O LORD; neither are there any works like unto thy works.
Ps 95:3 For the LORD is a great God, and a great King above all gods.
Ps 96:4 For the LORD is great, and greatly to be praised: he is to be feared above all gods.
Ps 96:5 For all the gods of the nations are idols : but the LORD made the heavens.
Ps 97:7 Confounded be all they that serve graven images, that boast themselves of idols : worhip him, all ye gods.
Ps 97:9 For thou, LORD, art high above all the earth: thou art exalted far above all gods.
Ps 136:2 O give thanks unto the God of gods: for his mercy endureth for ever.Isa 21:9 And, behold, here cometh a chariot of men, with a couple of horseman. And be answered and said, Babylon is fallen, is fallen; and all the graven images of her gods he hath broken unto the ground.
Isa 36:18 Beware lest Hez-e-ki'-ah persuade you, saying, The LORD will deliver us. Hath any of the gods of the nations delivered his land out of the hand of the king of Assyria?
Isa 36:19 Where are the gods of Ha'-math and Ar-phad? Where are the gods of Seph-ar-va'-im? and have they delivered Sa-ma'-ri-a out of my hand
Isa 36:20 Who are they among all the gods of these lands, that have delivered their hand out of my hand, that the LORD should deliver Jerusalem out of my hand?
Isa 37:12 Have the gods of the nations delivered them which my fathers have destroyed, as Go'-zan, and Ha'-ran, and Re'zep, and the children of Eden which were in Telas'-sar?
Isa 37:19 And have cast their gods into the fire: for they were no gods, but the work of men's hands, wood and stone : therefore they have destroyed them.
Isa 37:38 Ant it came to pass, as he was worshipping in the house at Nis'-roch his god, that A-dram'-me-lech and Sha-re'-zer his sons smote him with the sword; and they escaped into the land of Ar-me'-ni-a: and E'-sar-had'-don his son reigned in his stead.
Isa 41:23 Shew the things that are to come hereafter, that we may known that ye are gods: yea, do good, or do evil, we may be dismayed, and behold it together.
Isa 42:17 They shall be turned back, they shall be greatly ashamed, that trust in graven images, that say to the molten images, Ye are our gods.
Jer 1:16 And I will utter my judgments against them touching all their wickedness, who have forsaken me, and have burned incense unto other gods, and worshipped the works of their own hands.
Jer 2:11 Hath a nation changed their gods, which are yet no gods? But my people have changed their glory for that which doth not profit.
Jer 2:28 But where are thy gods that thou hast made thee? let them arise, if they can save thee in the time of thy troubles: for accoding to the number of thy cities are thy gods, O Judah.
Jer 5:7 How shall I pardon thee for this? Thy children have forsaken me, and sworn by them that are no gods: when I had fed them to the full, they then committed adultery, and assembled themselves by troops in the harlots' houses.
Jer 5:19 And it shall come to pass, when ye shall say, wherefore doeth the LORD our God all these things unto us? then shalt thou answer them, Like as ye have forsaken me, and served strange gods in your land, so shall ye serve strangers in a land that is not yours.
Jer 7:6 If ye oppress not the stranger, the fatherless, and the widow, and shed not innocent blood in the place, neither walk after other gods to your hurt:
Jer 7:18 The children gather wood, and the fathers kindle the fire, and the women knead their dough, to make cakes to the queen of heaven, and to pour out drink offerings unto other gods, that they may provoke me to anger.
Jer 11:10 They and turned back to the iniquties of their forefathers, which refused to hear my words; and they went after other gods to serve them: the house of Israel and the house of Judah have broken my covenant which I made with their fathers.
Jer 11:12 Then shall the cities of Judah and inhabitants of Jerusalem go, and cry unto the gods unto whom they offer incense: but they shall not save them at all in the time of their trouble.
Jer 11:13 For according to the number of thy cities were thy gods, O Judah; and according to the number of the streets of Jerusalem have ye set up altars to that shameful thing, even altars to burn incense unto Ba'-al.
Jer 13:10 This evil people, which were refuse to hear my words, which walk in the imagination of their heart, and walk after other gods, to serve them, and to worship them, shall even be as this girdle, which is good for nothing.
Jer 16:11 Then shalt thou say unto them, Because your fathers have forsaken me, saith the LORD, and have walked after other gods and have served them, and have worshipped them, and have forsaken me , and have not kept my law;
Jer 16:13 Therfore will I cast you out of this land into a hand that ye know not, neither ye nor your fathers; and there shall ye serve other gods day and night; where I will not shew you favour.
Jer 16:20 Shall a man make gods unto himselve, and they are no gods?
Jer 19:4 Because they have forsaken me, and have estranged this place, and have burned incense in it unto other gods, whom neither they nor their fathers have known, nor the kings of Judah, and have filled this place with the blood of innocents;
Jer 19:13 And the houses of Jerusalem, and the houses of the kings of Judah, shall be defiled as the place of To'-phet, because of all the houses upon whose roofs lthey have burned incense unto all the host of heaven, and have poured out drink offerings unto other gods.
Jer 22:9 Then they shall answer, Because they have forsaken the covenant of the LORD their God, and worshipped other gods, and served them.
Jer 25:6 And go not after other gods to serve them, and to worship them, and provoke me not to anger with the works of your hands; and I will do you no hurt.
Jer 32:29 And the Chal-de'-ans, that fight against this city, shall come and set fire on this city, and burn it with the houses, upon whose roofs they have offered incense unto Ba'-al, and poured out drink offerings unto other gods, to provoke me to anger.
Jer 35:15 I have sent also unto you all my servants the prophets, rising up early and sending them, saying, Return ye now every man from his evil way, and amend your doings, and go not after other gods to serve them, and ye shall dwell in the land which I have given to you and your fathers: but ye have not inclined your ear, nor hearkened unto me.
Jer 43:12 And I will kindle a fire in the houses of the gods of Egypt; and he shall burn them, and carry them away captives: and he shall array himself with the land of Egypt , as a shepherd putteth on his garment; and he shall go forth from thence in peace.
Jer 43:13 He shall break also the images of Beth-she'-mesh, that is in the land of Egypt; and the houses of the gods of the Egyptians shall be burn with fire.
Jer 44:3 Because of their wickedness which they have committed to provoke me to anger, in that they went to burn incense, and to serve other gods, whom they knew not, neither they, ye, nor your fathers.
Jer 44:5 But they hearkend not, nor inclined their ear to turn from the wickedness, to burn no incense unto other god,
Jer 44:8 In that ye provoke me unto wrath with the works of your hands, burning incense unto other gods in the land of Egypt, whither ye be gone to dwell that ye might cut yourselves off, and that ye might be a curse and reproach among all the nations of the earth?
Jer 44:15 Then all the men which knew that their wives had burned incense unto other gods, and all the women that stood by, a great multitude, even all the people that dwelt in the land of Egypt, in Path'-ros, anwered Jeremiah, saying,
Jer 46:25 The LORD of hosts, the God of Israel, saith; Behold, I will punish the multidude of No, and Pharaoh, and Egypt, with their gods , and their kings; even Pharaoh, and all them that trust in him:
Jer 48:35 Moreover I will cause to cease in Moab, saith the LORD, him that offereth in the high places, and him that burneth incence to his gods.
Dan 1:2 And the LORD gave Je-hol'-a-kim king of Judah into his hand, with part of the vessels of the house of God: which he carried into the land of Shi'-nar to the house of his god; and he brought the vessels into the treasure house of his god.
Dan 11:8 And shall also carry captives into Egypt their gods; wih their princes, and with their precious vessels of silver and of gold; and he shall continue more years than the king of the north.
Hos 3:1 Then said the LORD unto me, Go yet, love a woman beloved of her friend, yet an adulteress, according to the love of the LORD toward the children of Israel, who look to other gods and love flagons of wine.
Hos 13:4 Yet I am the LORD thy God from the land of Egypt, and thou shalt know no god but me: for there is no saviour beside me.
Hos 14:3 Asshur shall not save us; we will not ride upon horses: neither will we say any more to the work of our hands, Ye are our gods: for in thee the fatherless findeth mercy.
Am 2:8 And they lay themselves down upon clothes laid to pledge by every altar, and they drink the wine of the condemned in the house of their god.
Am 5:26 But ye have borne the tabernacle of your Moloch and Chi'-un your imaages, the star of your god, which ye made to yourselves.
Jon 1:5 Then the mariners were afraid, and cried every man unto his god, and cast forth the wares that were in the ship into the sea, to lighten it of them. But Jonah was gone down into the sides of the ship; and he lay, and was fast asleep.
Mic 4:5 For all people will walk every one in the name of his god, and we will walk in the name of the LORD our God for ever and ever.
Nah 1:14 And the LORD hath given a commandment concerning thee, that no more of thy name be sown: out of the house of thy gods will I cut off the graven image and the molten image: I will make thy grave; for thou art vile.
Zep 2:11 The LORD will be terrible unto them: for he will famish all the gods of the earth; and men shall worship him, every one from his place, even all the isles of the heathen.
從上述原文用法, 可知Elohiym不只是God, 而且也是god和gods. 如果Elohiym是三位一的體的話, 那上述之外邦god和gods 是否也是三位一體?
除了God, god和 gods之外, Elohiym也譯為judges, judge和 angel. 那他們是否也是三位一體? 其原文(430)用法如下:
Ex 21:6 Then his master shall bring him unto the judges; he shall also bring him to the door, or unto the door post; and his master shall bore his ear through with an aul; and be shall serve him forever.
Ex 22:8 If the thief be not found, then the master of the house shall be brought unto the judges, to see whether he have put his hand unto his neighbour's goods.
1 Sa 2:25 If one man sin against another, the judge shall judge him: but if a man sin against the LORD, who shall intreat for him? Notwithstanding they hearkened not unto the voice of their father, because the LORD would slay them.
Ps 8:5 For thou hast made him a little lower than angels and hast crowned him with glory and honour.
Mal 2:15 And did not he make one? Yet had he the residue of the spirit. And wherefore one? That he might seek a godly seed. Therefore take heed to your spirit, and let none deal treacherously against the wife of his youth.
考証Apostolic Bible Polygot, 舊約的神字(430), 新約以Strong號碼2316代之. 其解釋為God, a god和magistrate. 參閱希臘文之2316, 其意思如下:
聖經原文字典(浸宣出版社) : 神. 在新約中出現1304次, 在七十士譯本, 以此希臘文所表達的希伯來文的Strongs號碼為430, 433和426. 同一本字典解釋433為諸神之一.. 在和合本總共出現57次. 426字意為神, 神祇, 相當與433.
The Strongest Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of The Bible (Zondervan) : God, usually referring to the one true God; in a very few contexts it refers to a (pagan) god or goddes. The “son of God”as tittle of Jesus emphasizes his unique relationship to the Father. “The god of this age” refers to the devil.在KJV中譯為God/god 1309次, God's15次, gods 8次, godly6 次, Godward 2次.
聖經原文串珠註解(浸宣出版社) : 在新約的意思為神, 原文字義是神, 相當與舊約之0002, 1321和1723. 0002為神, 與strong號碼0430相同; 1321亦神, 與strong 號碼433相同. 1723也是神, 與strong 號碼0426相同.
Vine's Complete Expository Dictionary (Thomas Nelson Publisher) : 2316 was appropriated by Jews and retained by Christian to denote “the one true God.” In the Septuagint, 2316 translates (with fes exception) the Hebrew words Elohim and Jehovah, the former indicating His power and preminence, the latter His unoriginated, immutable, eternal and self-sustained exixtance.
The New Strong's Concise Dictionary of Bible Words: of uncertainly affixed; a deity, sepecially the supreme Divinity: figuretively a majistrate; by Hebrew, very, exceedingly, God, god, godly, godward.
Hebrew Greek Key Study Bible (NIV) :其號碼為2536. 其意思為God; (pagaan) god, Goddess. 此書又進一步解釋: God, Deity; (false) god; ruler, judge. In the New Testament used us The Triune God, corresponding to the hebrew tittle elohiym know as the tetratgranematan YHWH.
The Complete Word Study Dictionary: masculine noun. God. Originally used by the heathen, but in the New Testament as the name of the true God. The heathen thought the gods were makers and disposers (placers) of all things. The ancient Greeks used the word both in the singular and the plural. When they used the plural, they intimated their belief that elements had their own “disposer” or “placer”, e.g., the god of moneh called mammon (Matt 6:24; Luke 16:9,13). The heavens were the grand objects of divine worship throughout the heathen world as is apparent from the names attributed to the gods by the ancient greeks. The Scriptures also attest to this (Act7:42, 43; Deut 4:19; 17:3; 2Kgs. 17:16; 23:4,5; Job 31:26,27; Jer 8:2; 19:13; Zeph. 1:5).
如考證原文2316的用法, 可知除了God以外, 它也譯為god和gods. 茲將其原文譯法抄錄如下:
Joh 10:34 Jesus answered them, Is it not write in your law, I said, Ye are gods?
Joh 10:35 If he called them gods, unto whom the word of God came, and the scripture cannot be broken;
Acts 7:40 Saying unto Aaron, Make us gods to go before us: for as for this Moses, which brought us out of the land of Egypt, we wot not what is become of him.
Acts 7:43 Yea, ye took up the tabernacle of Mo'-loch, and the star of your god Rem'-phan, figures which ye made to worship them : and I will carry you away beyond Babylon.
Acts 12:22 And the people gave a shout, saying, Is is the voice of a god and not of a man.
Acts 19:26 Moreover ye see and hear, that not alone at Eph'-e-sus, but almost throughout all Asia, this Paul hath persuaded and turned away much people, saying that they be no gods, which are made with hands:
Acts 28:6 Howbeit they looked when he should have swollen, or fallen down dead suddenly: but after they had looked a great while, and saw no harm come to him, they changed their minds, and said that he was a god.
Gal 4:8 Howbeit then, when ye knew not God, ye did service unto them which by nature are no gods.
1 Ti 1:4 Neither give heed to fables and endless genealogies, which minister questions, rather than godly edifying which is in faith: so do.
3 Joh 6 which have borne witness of thy charity before the church: whom if thou bring forward on their journey after a godly sort, thou shalt do well:
結果還是一樣, 2316 譯為 God, god, gods 和godly. 'gods' 的複數是多位神, 而不是多位位格. 從其原文用法來看, Hebrew-Greek Key Study Bible (NIV) 所給于的定義, 即三位一體, 是沒有聖經根據的. 其理由如下:
第一, 他們必須假設gods (elohiym)為many 而非many gods.
第二, 他們必須假設所謂的many是三.
第三, 他們必須假設many 的東西是位格.
這也就是說, 三位一體的理論完全建立在假設上. 只要其中一個假設不成立, 整個三位一體的理論就倒了.
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